{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T10:01:03Z","timestamp":1787911263753,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,12]],"date-time":"2025-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747008000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Contact Dermatitis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Applying alcohol\u2010based hand rubs (ABHRs) is a proven means of combating hand\u2010borne microorganisms. In addition to their bactericidal activity, some rubs also have virucidal properties (ABVHRs). Frequent use of ABHRs can result in skin irritation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study investigates the impact of four commercially available ABVHRs on skin function (ABVHR A\u2010D). ABVHR\u2010A and ABVHR\u2010B contained ethanol in higher concentrations, whereas ABVHR\u2010C and ABVHR\u2010D comprised ethanol and 1\u2010propanol at lower concentrations combined with phosphoric acid (PA).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Using occlusion\u2010modified tandem irritation tests and standard bioengineering methods, we assessed the effects of these ABVHRs and controls (ethanol, isopropanol, PA, water) on 48 healthy Caucasian volunteers' skin.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In general, alcohols and ABVHRs were well tolerated. However, the results revealed significant changes in transepidermal water loss (TEWL), corneometry, and colorimetry between baseline and day 3 for all ABVHRs and controls, particularly for ABVHR\u2010D (TEWL change 6.43 (SD 1.40) to 8.76 (SD 3.87)). Although the differences between the ABVHRs were not statistically significant, ABVHR\u2010A and ABVHR\u2010D significantly increased TEWL compared to water. Most ABVHRs demonstrated a better skin irritation profile than pure ethanol (80%) and isopropanol (70%). PA slightly reduced corneometry values.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study suggests that the irritative potential of ABVHRs varies, likely due to differences in alcohol type (1\u2010propanol in particular) and concentration. At the tested concentration, PA appears to be well tolerated and may enhance virucidal activity without significantly increasing skin irritation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.14808","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]],"date-time":"2025-05-13T00:19:44Z","timestamp":1747095584000},"page":"119-130","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The Effect of Alcohol\u2010Based Virucidal Hand Sanitizers on Skin Barrier Function\u2014A Randomised Experimental Study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"93","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2871-3232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michal","family":"Gina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance (IPA) Institute of the Ruhr University Bochum  Bochum Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3532-6110","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Ofenloch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Occupational Dermatology, Department of Dermatology Ruprecht\u2010Karls University  Heidelberg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ingeborg","family":"Schwebke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Expert Committee on Virus Disinfection of the German Association for the Control of Viral Diseases (DVV) e.V. 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