{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T16:51:27Z","timestamp":1792428687427,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,25]],"date-time":"2013-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1366848000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Colorectal Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>This review aimed to assess the published results of posterior tibial nerve stimulation (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PTNS<\/jats:styled-content>) for faecal incontinence.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>A search was performed of PubMed, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MEDLINE<\/jats:styled-content> and Embase to identify studies describing the clinical outcome of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PTNS<\/jats:styled-content> for faecal incontinence.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Thirteen studies were identified. These described the outcome of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PTNS<\/jats:styled-content> for faecal incontinence in 273 patients. Four described transcutaneous <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PTNS<\/jats:styled-content>, eight percutaneous <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PTNS<\/jats:styled-content> and one compared both methods of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PTNS<\/jats:styled-content> with a sham transcutaneous group. One investigated patients with faecal incontinence and spinal cord injury and another with inflammatory bowel disease. There was marked heterogeneity of the treatment regimens and of the end points used. All reported that <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PTNS<\/jats:styled-content> improved faecal incontinence. A\u00a0&gt;\u00a050% improvement was reported in episodes of faecal incontinence in 63\u201382% of patients. An improvement was seen in urgency (1\u20135\u00a0min). Improvement was also described in the Cleveland Clinic faecal incontinence score in eight studies. Patients with urge and mixed incontinence appear to benefit more than those with passive incontinence. Treatment regimens ranged in duration from 1\u20133\u00a0months. A residual therapeutic effect is seen after completion of treatment. Follow\u2010up ranged from 1\u201330\u00a0months.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PTNS<\/jats:styled-content> is effective for faecal incontinence. However, many of the published studies are of poor quality. Comparison between studies is difficult owing to differences in the outcome measures used, technique of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PTNS<\/jats:styled-content> and the timing and duration of treatment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/codi.12093","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,5]],"date-time":"2012-12-05T23:02:06Z","timestamp":1354748526000},"page":"519-526","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["A review of posterior tibial nerve stimulation for faecal incontinence"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"G. P.","family":"Thomas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Sir Alan Parks Physiology Unit St Mark's Hospital and Academic Institute Harrow Middlesex UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T. 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