{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T14:12:11Z","timestamp":1761919931154},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,21]],"date-time":"2015-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1429574400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"MCDT SOPHIA Krakow, POLAND"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Colorectal Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,5]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>Nonablative radiofrequency (RF<\/jats:styled-content>) sphincter remodelling has been used to treat gastro\u2010oesophageal reflux disease (GERD<\/jats:styled-content>) and faecal incontinence (FI<\/jats:styled-content>). Its mechanism of action is unclear. We aimed to investigate the histomorphological and pathophysiological changes to the internal and external anal sphincter (IAS<\/jats:styled-content> and EAS<\/jats:styled-content>) following RF<\/jats:styled-content> remodelling.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Method<\/jats:title>An experimental FI<\/jats:styled-content> model was created in 12 female pigs: eight underwent RF<\/jats:styled-content> 6\u00a0weeks following induction of FI<\/jats:styled-content> (FI<\/jats:styled-content>+RF<\/jats:styled-content>) and four were untreated (UFI<\/jats:styled-content>). Four animals served as controls (CG<\/jats:styled-content>). Two blinded pathologists examined all haematoxylin and eosin and trichrome stained slides.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>Compared with the UFI<\/jats:styled-content> group, histological examination of the IAS<\/jats:styled-content> in the FI<\/jats:styled-content>+RF<\/jats:styled-content> group demonstrated an increased smooth muscle (SM<\/jats:styled-content>)\/connective tissue ratio (77.2 vs<\/jats:italic> 68.1%, P\u00a0<\/jats:italic><\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.05) and increased collagen I compared with collagen III<\/jats:styled-content> content (67.2 vs<\/jats:italic> 54.9%, P\u00a0<\/jats:italic><\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.001). The RF<\/jats:styled-content>+FI<\/jats:styled-content> group exhibited greater SM<\/jats:styled-content> bundle thickness compared with the UFI<\/jats:styled-content> group (SM<\/jats:styled-content> width 486.93 vs<\/jats:italic> 338.59\u00a0\u03bcm, P\u00a0<\/jats:italic><\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.01; height 4384.4 vs<\/jats:italic> 3321.0\u00a0\u03bcm, P\u00a0<\/jats:italic><\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.05). The EAS<\/jats:styled-content> of the FI<\/jats:styled-content>+RF<\/jats:styled-content> animals showed a significantly higher type I\/II<\/jats:styled-content> fibre ratio (33.5 vs<\/jats:italic> 25.2%, P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.023) and fibre type I diameter (67.2 vs<\/jats:italic> 59.7\u00a0\u03bcm, P\u00a0<\/jats:italic><\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.001) compared with the UFI<\/jats:styled-content> group. Post\u2010RF<\/jats:styled-content> manometry showed higher basal (18.8 vs<\/jats:italic> 0 mmHg, P\u00a0<\/jats:italic><\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.001) and squeeze (76.8 vs<\/jats:italic> 12.4\u00a0mmHg, P\u00a0<\/jats:italic><\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.05) anal pressures. After RF<\/jats:styled-content> treatment, the number of interstitial cells of Cajal was significantly reduced compared with the UFI<\/jats:styled-content> and CG<\/jats:styled-content> groups [0.9 (FI<\/jats:styled-content>+RF<\/jats:styled-content>) vs<\/jats:italic> 6.7 (UFI<\/jats:styled-content>) vs<\/jats:italic> 0.7 (CG<\/jats:styled-content>) per mm2<\/jats:sup>, P\u00a0<\/jats:italic><\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.001].<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusion<\/jats:title>In an animal model nonablative RF<\/jats:styled-content> appeared to induce morphological changes in the IAS<\/jats:styled-content> and EAS<\/jats:styled-content> leading to an anatomical state reminiscent of normal sphincter structure.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/codi.12874","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,19]],"date-time":"2014-12-19T09:05:28Z","timestamp":1418979928000},"page":"433-440","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Defining the histopathological changes induced by nonablative radiofrequency treatment of faecal incontinence \u2013 a blinded assessment in an animal model"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"R. 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