{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T14:58:10Z","timestamp":1784991490810,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,2]],"date-time":"2018-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1522627200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Departmental Sources"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Colorectal Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>Biofeedback is an established, effective and non\u2010invasive treatment for faecal incontinence (FI). The aim was to compare the effectiveness of four different biofeedback treatment regimes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>This was a randomized control trial of patients with FI, stratified into two groups (metropolitan and rural) and then randomized into two subgroups (groups 1 and 2 within metropolitan, groups 3 and 4 within rural) with varying face\u2010to\u2010face and telephone biofeedback components. All patients received standardized counselling and education, dietary modification and the use of anti\u2010diarrhoeal medications. Group 1 received four monthly face\u2010to\u2010face biofeedback treatments, groups 2 and 3 received one face\u2010to\u2010face biofeedback followed by telephone biofeedback and group 4 received a one\u2010off face\u2010to\u2010face biofeedback treatment. Primary outcomes were patient\u2010assessed severity of FI and quality of life as assessed by the 36\u2010item Short Form Health Survey and direct questioning of objectives. Secondary outcomes included St Mark's incontinence score, anxiety, depression and anorectal physiology measures (resting, squeeze pressures; isotonic, isometric fatigue times).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Between 2006 and 2012, 351 patients were recruited. One patient died leaving 350 for analysis. 332 (95%) were women. Mean age was 60 (SD\u00a0=\u00a014). All groups had significant improvements in FI, quality of life, incontinence score and mental status (<jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>&lt;<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.001 each). There were no differences in improvements in FI between groups although patient satisfaction was less with reduced face\u2010to\u2010face contact. There were modest improvements in isotonic and isometric fatigue times suggesting improved sphincter endurance (both <jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>&lt;<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.001).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Biofeedback is effective for FI. Although face\u2010to\u2010face and telephone biofeedback is not necessary to improve FI, it is important for patient satisfaction.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/codi.13932","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,20]],"date-time":"2017-10-20T14:36:40Z","timestamp":1508510200000},"page":"312-320","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["A randomized controlled trial of four different regimes of biofeedback programme in the treatment of faecal incontinence"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"C. J.","family":"Young","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Colorectal Surgery Royal Prince Alfred Hospital Sydney New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"Discipline of Surgery University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Zahid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Colorectal Surgery Royal Prince Alfred Hospital Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. E.","family":"Koh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Colorectal Surgery Royal Prince Alfred Hospital Sydney New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"Discipline of Surgery University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"Surgical Outcomes Research Centre (SOuRCe) Royal Prince Alfred Hospital Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. M.","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Surgical Outcomes Research Centre (SOuRCe) Royal Prince Alfred Hospital Sydney New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"School of Public Health University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. M.","family":"Byrne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Colorectal Surgery Royal Prince Alfred Hospital Sydney New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"Discipline of Surgery University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. J.","family":"Solomon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Colorectal Surgery Royal Prince Alfred Hospital Sydney New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"Discipline of Surgery University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"Surgical Outcomes Research Centre (SOuRCe) Royal Prince Alfred Hospital Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Rex","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Prince Alfred Hospital NSW Biofeedback and Continence Centre Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Candido","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Prince Alfred Hospital NSW Biofeedback and Continence Centre Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2002.tb04283.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/codi.12808"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)16856-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.33.6.807"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02234835"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","first-page":"1521\u221263","volume-title":"Incontinence","author":"Norton C","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000084344"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.2001.01039.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v11.i31.4771"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","first-page":"CD002111","article-title":"Biofeedback and\/or sphincter exercises for the treatment of faecal incontinence in adults","author":"Norton C","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10350-005-0198-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gastro.2003.09.039"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10350-004-6643-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-199206000-00002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","volume-title":"Medical Outcomes Study: 36\u2010Item Short Form Survey Scoring Instructions","author":"RAND Health","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2168.1999.01215.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1463-1318.2000.0136a.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-1318.2010.02281.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.44.1.77"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","first-page":"211","article-title":"Treating fecal incontinence: an unmet need in primary care medicine","volume":"77","author":"Whitehead WE","year":"2016","journal-title":"N C Med J"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1995.03530070057030"}],"container-title":["Colorectal Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fcodi.13932","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/codi.13932","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,24]],"date-time":"2023-09-24T16:46:40Z","timestamp":1695574000000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/codi.13932"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,4]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/codi.13932"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/codi.13932","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1462-8910","1463-1318"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1462-8910","type":"print"},{"value":"1463-1318","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2017-03-17","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2017-09-11","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-04-02","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}