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To test this hypothesis, we compared deaf signer and hearing individuals\u2019 ability to acquire rules of different computational complexity in a visual artificial grammar learning task using sequential stimuli. As a group, deaf participants succeeded at all levels of the task; Bayesian analysis indicates that they successfully acquired each of several target grammars at ascending levels of the formal language hierarchy. Overall, these results do not support the auditory scaffolding hypothesis. However, age\u2010 and education\u2010matched hearing participants did outperform deaf participants in two out of three tested grammars. We suggest that this difference may be related to verbal recoding strategies in the two groups. Any verbal recoding strategies used by the deaf signers would be less effective because they would have to use the same visual channel required for the experimental task.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/cogs.13114","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,21]],"date-time":"2022-02-21T14:04:54Z","timestamp":1645452294000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Performance of Deaf Participants in an Abstract Visual Grammar Learning Task at Multiple Formal Levels: Evaluating the Auditory Scaffolding Hypothesis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Beatrice","family":"Giustolisi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Milan\u2010Bicocca"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jordan S","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Evolutionary Medicine University of Zurich"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gesche","family":"Westphal\u2010Fitch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Behavioral and Cognitive Biology University of Vienna"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"W. 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