{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T06:06:44Z","timestamp":1783577204653,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,15]],"date-time":"2023-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684108800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":14,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P20GM109023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P20GM109023"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cognitive Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>There are two main approaches to how statistical patterns are extracted from sequences: The transitional probability approach proposes that statistical learning occurs through the computation of probabilities between items in a sequence. The chunking approach, including models such as PARSER and TRACX, proposes that units are extracted as chunks. Importantly, the chunking approach suggests that the extraction of full units weakens the processing of subunits while the transitional probability approach suggests that both units and subunits should strengthen. Previous findings using sequentially organized, auditory stimuli or spatially organized, visual stimuli support the chunking approach. However, one limitation of prior studies is that most assessed learning with the two\u2010alternative forced\u2010choice task. In contrast, this pre\u2010registered experiment examined the two theoretical approaches in sequentially organized, visual stimuli using an online self\u2010paced task\u2014arguably providing a more sensitive index of learning as it occurs\u2014and a secondary offline familiarity judgment task. During the self\u2010paced task, abstract shapes were covertly organized into eight triplets (ABC) where one in every eight was altered (BCA) from the canonical structure in a way that disrupted the full unit while preserving a subunit (BC). Results from the offline familiarity judgment task revealed that the altered triplets were perceived as highly familiar, suggesting the learned representations were relatively flexible. More importantly, results from the online self\u2010paced task demonstrated that processing for subunits, but not unit\u2010initial stimuli, was impeded in the altered triplet. The pattern of results is in line with the chunking approach to statistical learning and, more specifically, the TRACX model.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/cogs.13284","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,15]],"date-time":"2023-05-15T07:36:52Z","timestamp":1684136212000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Chunking Versus Transitional Probabilities: Differentiating Between Theories of Statistical Learning"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Samantha N.","family":"Emerson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Childhood Deafness, Language, &amp; Learning, Boys Town National Research Hospital"},{"name":"Training, Learning, &amp; Readiness Division, Aptima, Inc."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher M.","family":"Conway","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Childhood Deafness, Language, &amp; Learning, Boys Town National Research Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anwyl\u2010Irvine A. L. Massonni\u00e9 J. Flitton A. Kirkham N. &Evershed J.(2018 October 22).Gorilla in our Midst: An online behavioral experiment builder.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31234\/osf.io\/kf5nu","DOI":"10.1101\/438242"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/lm.037986.114"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.02.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2019.01.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jml.2007.12.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/cogp.1997.0649"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tops.12332"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.01.032"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2016.12.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","unstructured":"deLeeuw J. &Goldstone R. L.(2015).Memory constraints affect statistical learning; statistical learning affects memory constraints. InProceedings of the 37th Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society(pp.530\u2013535).Pasadena CA:Cognitive Science Society."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","unstructured":"De Rosario Mart\u00ednez H.(2015).phia: Post\u2010hoc interaction analysis. R package version 0.2\u20101. Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/CRAN.R\u2010project.org\/package=phia"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0364\u20100213(90)90002\u2010E"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467\u20109280.00392"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0278\u20107393.28.3.458"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.134.4.521"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0025255"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000210"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1551\u20106709.2009.01012.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2009.03.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2019.103208"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2008.08.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cogs.12848"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2014.10.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2020.104515"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","volume-title":"Response times: Their role in inferring elementary mental organization","author":"Luce R. D.","year":"1986"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0708424105"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0028\u20103932(71)90067\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tops.12403"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jmla.1998.2576"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","volume-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.274.5294.1926"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jmla.1996.0032"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cogs.12556"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2018.05.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0096\u20103445.134.4.552"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0096\u20101523.35.1.195"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1111\/cogs.13472","type":"erratum","label":"Erratum","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,24]],"date-time":"2024-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719187200000}}],"container-title":["Cognitive Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/cogs.13284","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,20]],"date-time":"2023-08-20T08:18:32Z","timestamp":1692519512000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/cogs.13284"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/cogs.13284"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cogs.13284","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{"erratum":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/cogs.13472","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0364-0213","1551-6709"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0364-0213","type":"print"},{"value":"1551-6709","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-10-07","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-03-21","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-05-15","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e13284"}}