{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,30]],"date-time":"2025-11-30T17:42:06Z","timestamp":1764524526252,"version":"3.46.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764028800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":24,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cognitive Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>According to the noisy channel framework of sentence processing, communication can succeed even when the input is corrupted because comprehenders rationally infer the speaker's intended meaning based on the prior probability of the literal interpretation and the probability that the input has been corrupted by noise. To test whether and under what conditions comprehenders consider word exchanges as a possible source of corruption, we ran five experiments on processing three types of simple German sentences: subject\u2010before\u2010object sentences (SO), object\u2010before\u2010subject sentences (OS), and passive sentences. Critical sentences had implausible meanings, but could be \u201crepaired\u201d by exchanging function words or by exchanging nouns. Experiments 1 through 4 presented sentences along with yes\u2010no questions to probe interpretation. Implausible SO and passive sentences consistently elicited few nonliteral interpretations, whereas many nonliteral interpretations were given to implausible OS sentences. This was true regardless of whether word exchanges had to cross a main verb or an auxiliary, and it was more pronounced if the overall proportion of implausible sentences was low. We conclude that when answering yes\u2010no questions, word exchanges are considered with function words of the same syntactic category, but not with nouns, and only when they result in a more likely syntactic structure. Experiment 5 showed that when explicitly asked to correct implausible sentences, comprehenders use noun exchanges frequently. We propose that the results for both yes\u2010no questions and explicit corrections follow if the prior probability assigned to implausible sentences differs between\u00a0tasks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/cogs.70143","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T19:04:26Z","timestamp":1764097466000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Constraints on Exchange Edits During Noisy\u2010Channel Inference"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"49","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9765-8970","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Markus","family":"Bader","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Linguistics Goethe University Frankfurt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2100-648X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Business Administration and Information Sciences University of Applied Sciences  Merseburg"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jml.2020.104087"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/xlm0000519"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5070\/G6011117"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jml.2022.104334"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v080.i01"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/xlm0001230"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2022.105101"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2023.105503"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/23273798.2023.2171071"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0018027"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jml.2024.104513"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20445911.2023.2216913"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010\u20100285(03)00005\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749\u2010818X.2007.00007.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-7421(08)60270-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1216438110"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797617690277"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022226718000300"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17470218.2015.1053951"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Levy R.(2008).A noisy\u2010channel model of human sentence comprehension under uncertain input. InProceedings of the 2008 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing(pp. 234\u2013243).","DOI":"10.3115\/1613715.1613749"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20445911.2025.2470365"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/23273798.2024.2387226"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/xlm0001244"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_25_1","first-page":"378","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 38th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society","author":"Poppels T.","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qian P. &Levy R. P.(2023).Comprehenders' Error Correction Mechanisms are Finely Calibrated to Language Production Statistics.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31234\/osf.io\/e3v5b","DOI":"10.31234\/osf.io\/e3v5b"},{"volume-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing","key":"e_1_2_14_27_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0278\u20107393.30.6.1290"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2018.08.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-025-02639-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2021.107855"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.46771\/2366077500225_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_33_1","unstructured":"Zehr J. &Schwarz F.(2018).PennController for Internet Based Experiments (IBEX).https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17605\/OSF.IO\/MD832"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cogs.13383"}],"container-title":["Cognitive Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/cogs.70143","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,30]],"date-time":"2025-11-30T17:39:59Z","timestamp":1764524399000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/cogs.70143"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/cogs.70143"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cogs.70143","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0364-0213","1551-6709"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0364-0213"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1551-6709"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-04-13","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-10-30","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-11-25","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70143"}}