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In Study 1, we showed participants videos of speakers providing navigational instruction. We manipulated the speakers\u2019 use of gestures and speech disfluencies, whereas facial expressions, words, and additional visual cues (e.g., background, clothes, objects) naturally occurred. We found that fluent speech elicited higher FOAK ratings than disfluent speech, but no significant effect was found for gestures. In the follow\u2010up Study 2, we examined the same disfluency\u2010gesture interaction in a more controlled setting using video stimuli with an actress controlling for background, intonation, and word choice, as well as iconic and beat gesture types as gesture subcategories. Participants also filled out the Gesture Awareness Scale. Results were identical with the first study, in which only the disfluent speech received significantly lower FOAK ratings, revealing no effects of gesture use or type. These findings suggest that individuals may use certain communicative cues more than others, particularly in the context of assessing others\u2019 knowledge.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/cogs.70144","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T07:52:17Z","timestamp":1764229937000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Assessing Others\u2019 Knowledge Through Their Speech Disfluencies and Gestures"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"49","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-9204-3150","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Can","family":"Avc\u0131","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Ko\u00e7 University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Demet","family":"\u00d6zer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Bilkent University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Terry","family":"Eskenazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Bilkent University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tilbe","family":"G\u00f6ksun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Ko\u00e7 University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02687038.2017.1396573"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15427633scc0504_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jmla.2000.2752"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/23273798.2024.2345306"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cogs.13098"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","unstructured":"Avc\u0131 C. 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