{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T05:52:43Z","timestamp":1789537963469,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]],"date-time":"2025-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765929600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":16,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cognitive Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    When we investigate busy visual scenes, how do we estimate the number of objects that we see? Most work on number perception answers this question by focusing on properties of the to\u2010be\u2010estimated set of objects\u2014their number, their size, their relative position, and so on. Here, in contrast, we show that perceived number is influenced by extraneous visual information. In six experiments, participants were shown \u201ccrowds\u201d of dots that filled \u201cseats\u201d in a visual grid, asking whether the perceived number is influenced not only by the number of\n                    <jats:italic>occupied<\/jats:italic>\n                    seats, but also the number of\n                    <jats:italic>unoccupied<\/jats:italic>\n                    seats. When only about 15%\u201330% of the \u201cseats\u201d were filled, people perceived\n                    <jats:italic>fewer<\/jats:italic>\n                    dots (compared to displays without any grid). We further demonstrated that this illusion depends on the proportion of occupied seats. When most \u201cseats\u201d were filled, the illusion reversed: People perceived the grid displays as having\n                    <jats:italic>more<\/jats:italic>\n                    dots. This effect is continuous, switching directions at around the 50% occupancy mark. Moreover, this \u201ccrowd size illusion\u201d is phenomenologically robust: It is evident in simple visual displays, even when the observer is aware they are being tricked. We discuss these findings in light of the recent hypothesis that the number system represents number in a part\u2013whole format.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/cogs.70148","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]],"date-time":"2025-12-17T18:15:50Z","timestamp":1765995350000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The \u201cCrowd Size Illusion\u201d and the Relativity of Number Perception"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Gabriel C. 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