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This question derives from the neo\u2010Whorfian view that language shapes our conceptualizations of the world. Previous research has provided mixed answers. Here, we present three experiments where we tested for the gender effect on object conceptualization using a word association approach: a first group of participants generated adjectives for nouns referring to objects, and a second group subsequently rated those adjectives for masculinity\/femininity. In Experiment 1, with native French speakers, we tested semantically related object nouns that have opposite grammatical gender (masculine vs. feminine) in French; in Experiment 2, with native French and German speakers, we tested translation equivalents having opposite grammatical gender in the two languages. Results from both experiments showed the absence of a gender effect in French, while a small gender effect was found in German. In both experiments, nouns had been presented with a gender\u2010marked determiner. In Experiment 3, we tested a new group of German participants on the same items, which were now presented without a determiner; we again observed a small gender effect. Consistent with previous findings, we also found that people ascribe more feminine qualities to natural entities and masculine qualities to artificial entities. Taken together, we conclude that the influence of grammatical gender on object conceptualization is weak and dependent on language.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/cogs.70176","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T14:02:58Z","timestamp":1769522578000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Influence of Grammatical Gender on Object Conceptualization Is Weak and Language\u2010Dependent"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"50","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2471-7084","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hualin","family":"Xiao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Sciences Cognitives et Psycholinguistique (ENS\u2013PSL, EHESS, CNRS)"},{"name":"Institut Jean Nicod (ENS\u2013PSL, EHESS, CNRS)"},{"name":"School of Collective Intelligence, UM6P"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexandre","family":"Cremers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Filologijos Fakultetas, Vilniaus Universitetas"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Camille","family":"Straboni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement d\u2019\u00c9tudes Cognitives (ENS\u2013PSL)"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brent","family":"Strickland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Jean Nicod (ENS\u2013PSL, EHESS, CNRS)"},{"name":"School of Collective Intelligence, UM6P"},{"name":"Africa Business School, UM6P"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sharon","family":"Peperkamp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Sciences Cognitives et Psycholinguistique (ENS\u2013PSL, EHESS, CNRS)"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02643294.2020.1769050"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198238867.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780198723752.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jml.2012.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/13670069070110030101"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10936-011-9194-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/cog-2014-0021"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17470218.2011.582128"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20445911.2016.1148042"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/xlm0000534"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobeha.2019.01.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","unstructured":"Bonami O. 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