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An important aspect of linguistic structure is reference distinction or \u201cwho did what to whom.\u201d This paper explores how cross\u2010cultural differences in the conceptualization of space may influence the development of strategies for referent distinction in this domain. We conducted a silent gesture experiment employing dyadic interaction and iterated learning with participants from two cultural groups that differ in their predominant conceptualization of space: Balinese and Dutch. Focusing on silent gestures produced by hearing participants na\u00efve to sign languages, we examined the effect of culturally embedded biases on the use of space and body, the resources of manual communication. Our findings reveal the emergence of various strategies that are equally successful but differ in their use of space and body. While the Dutch participants developed multiple different strategy types, the Balinese largely followed one strategy type. Crucially, they did not employ an abstract or grammaticalized conception of space. We argue that, rather than reflecting a developmental shift, this pattern stems from the geocentric conceptualization predominant in Balinese culture that inhibits grammatical use of space and favors alternative strategies, such as capitalizing on the iconic affordances of the body to represent grammatical relationships. Our findings thus provide evidence for how cultural conventions such as the conceptualization of space can influence the evolution of linguistic structure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/cogs.70260","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T12:47:57Z","timestamp":1789562877000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Role of Space and Body in Referent Distinction Strategies: A Cross\u2010Cultural Comparison"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"50","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-3262-3899","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danielle","family":"Naegeli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communication and Cognition, Tilburg School of Humanities and Digital Sciences Tilburg University"},{"name":"LEADS Group, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Peeters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communication and Cognition, Tilburg School of Humanities and Digital Sciences Tilburg University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emiel","family":"Krahmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communication and Cognition, Tilburg School of Humanities and Digital Sciences Tilburg University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Connie","family":"de Vos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eindhoven University of Technology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasamin","family":"Motamedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Language Evolution University of Edinburgh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Made Sri","family":"Satyawati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Universitas Udayana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marieke","family":"Schouwstra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Logic, Language and Computation University of Amsterdam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lingua.2018.09.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9781614515470"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jole\/lzx001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/lingvan\u20102021\u20100091"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9783110261325.227"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","volume-title":"Island of Bali","author":"Covarrubias M.","year":"1950"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511761058"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","unstructured":"deVos C.(2012).Sign spatiality in Kata Kolok: How a village sign language of Bali inscribes its signing space.Radboud University Nijmegen. 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