{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T08:52:56Z","timestamp":1791363176070,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791331200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":6,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cognitive Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Accounts of negation processing, including two\u2010step simulation, pragmatic, and monotonicity\u2010based accounts, differ in their predictions about whether double negation requires additional cognitive effort relative to affirmation. Using event\u2010related potentials, we investigated a Mandarin Chinese double\u2010negation structure (\u201cm\u00e9iy\u01d2u X b\u00f9 Y\u201d) that is logically equivalent to its affirmative counterpart (\u201csu\u01d2y\u01d2u X d\u014du Y\u201d). Forty native speakers read context sentences (double negation vs. affirmation) followed by critical sentences containing semantically congruent or incongruent target words. Crucially, the target word appeared in a separate sentence, downstream from the negation operators; the design, therefore, tests whether a pragmatically licensed double negation establishes a discourse representation functionally equivalent to affirmation at the point of propositional evaluation. At the critical word, incongruent words elicited larger N400\/P600 amplitudes, and these congruency effects did not differ between contexts, indicating equivalent representations and no detectable downstream cost. Post\u2010critical analyses, however, revealed context\u2010specific differences: the affirmation context showed a prolonged negativity to incongruency\u2014plausibly reflecting sustained engagement with its more salient violation\u2014whereas the double negation context did not. A representational similarity analysis (RSA) further showed greater neural tracking of incongruency magnitude in the double negation context at a later window (726\u2013798\u00a0ms). Together, these findings indicate that a pragmatically licensed double negation supports downstream semantic integration as efficiently as affirmation, while later processing remains context\u2010sensitive. Because this early equivalence is also consistent with a monotonicity\u2010based account, we frame the early\u2010equivalence\/late\u2010divergence pattern as a tentative dual\u2010stage characterization to be tested in future work, rather than a decisive adjudication between theories.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/cogs.70272","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T08:31:27Z","timestamp":1791361887000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Double Negation Without Double Effort: ERP Evidence From Mandarin Chinese"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"50","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2680-757X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaodong","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Foreign Languages and Cultures Nanjing Normal University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zichen","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Foreign Languages and Cultures Nanjing Normal University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5334\/gjgl.770"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/xlm0001059"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/langcog.2016.30"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.14302"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/nol_a_00006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0010729"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0076248"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1515\/9783110871029","volume-title":"Semantics and comprehension","author":"Clark H. 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