{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T17:38:26Z","timestamp":1778175506283,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,22]],"date-time":"2017-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1506038400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clin Physio Funct Imaging"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>Assessing inspiratory muscle deoxygenation and blood flow can provide insight into anaerobic stress, recruitment strategies and mechanisms of inspiratory muscle limitation. Therefore, this review aimed to synthesize measurements of inspiratory muscle oxyhaemoglobin (O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>Hb), deoxyhaemoglobin (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HH<\/jats:styled-content>b), blood volume and flow of the inspiratory muscles acquired via near\u2010infrared spectroscopy (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NIRS<\/jats:styled-content>) during cycling, hyperpnoea and loaded breathing in healthy non\u2010athletes, healthy athletes and patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">COPD<\/jats:styled-content>) or chronic heart failure (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CHF<\/jats:styled-content>). Searches were performed on Medline and Medline in\u2010process, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EMBASE<\/jats:styled-content>, Central, Sportdiscus, PubMed and Compendex. Reviewers independently abstracted articles and assessed their quality using the modified Downs and Black checklist. Of the 644 articles identified, 21 met the inclusion criteria. Studies evaluated non\u2010athletes (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a09), athletes (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a05), <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">COPD<\/jats:styled-content> (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a02) and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CHF<\/jats:styled-content> (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a05). The sample was 90% male and 73% were non\u2010athletes and athletes. Interventions included cycle ergometry, hyperpnoea, loaded breathing, elbow flexor loading and combined loaded breathing and ergometry. Athletes and patients with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CHF<\/jats:styled-content> or <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">COPD<\/jats:styled-content> demonstrated deoxygenation of inspiratory accessory muscles that was often an opposite or exaggerated pattern compared to non\u2010athletes. O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>Hb decreased and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HH<\/jats:styled-content>b increased significantly in inspiratory muscles during cycle ergometry and loaded breathing with accentuated changes during combined ergometry and loaded breathing. During different regimens of hyperpnoea or loaded breathing, comparisons of inspiratory muscles demonstrated that the sternocleidomastoid deoxygenated more than the intercostals, parasternals or scalenes. Evaluating inspiratory muscle deoxygenation via <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NIRS<\/jats:styled-content> can inform mechanisms of inspiratory muscle limitation in non\u2010athletes, athletes and patients with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CHF<\/jats:styled-content> or <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">COPD<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/cpf.12473","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,22]],"date-time":"2017-09-22T11:26:43Z","timestamp":1506079603000},"page":"554-565","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Deoxygenation of inspiratory muscles during cycling, hyperpnoea and loaded breathing in health and disease: a systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Takako","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation Science Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences Nagasaki Japan"},{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nada","family":"Basoudan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University Riyadh Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luana T.","family":"Melo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Wickerson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laurent J.","family":"Brochard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada"},{"name":"Keenan Centre for Biomedical Research Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute St. Michael's Hospital Toronto ON Canada"},{"name":"Department of Medicine University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ewan C.","family":"Goligher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada"},{"name":"Department of Medicine Division of Respirology University Health Network and Mount Sinai Hospital Toronto ON Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9980-8699","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"W. 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