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Although muscle strength, muscle quality, and physical performance have been suggested as important assessments in the screening, prevention, and management of sarcopenic and cachexic individuals, skeletal muscle size is still a critical objective marker. Several techniques exist for estimating skeletal muscle size; however, each technique presents with unique characteristics regarding simplicity\/complexity, cost, radiation dose, accessibility, and portability that are important factors for assessors to consider before applying these modalities in practice. This narrative review presents a discussion centred on the theory and applications of current non\u2010invasive techniques for estimating skeletal muscle size in diverse populations. Common instruments for skeletal muscle assessment include imaging techniques such as computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, peripheral quantitative computed tomography, dual\u2010energy X\u2010ray absorptiometry, and Brightness\u2010mode ultrasound, and non\u2010imaging techniques like bioelectrical impedance analysis and anthropometry. Skeletal muscle size can be acquired from these methods using whole\u2010body and\/or regional assessments, as well as prediction equations. Notable concerns when conducting assessments include the absence of standardised image acquisition\/processing protocols and the variation in cut\u2010off thresholds used to define low skeletal muscle size by clinicians and researchers, which could affect the accuracy and prevalence of diagnoses. Given the importance of evaluating skeletal muscle size, it is imperative practitioners are informed of each technique and their respective strengths and weaknesses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/cpf.12874","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]],"date-time":"2024-03-01T05:54:59Z","timestamp":1709272499000},"page":"261-284","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Skeletal muscle estimation: A review of techniques and their applications"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"44","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3962-7268","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian","family":"Rodriguez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management Texas Tech University Lubbock Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4797-0173","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacob D.","family":"Mota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management Texas Tech University Lubbock Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3811-4092","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ty B.","family":"Palmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management Texas Tech University Lubbock Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven B.","family":"Heymsfield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Metabolism and Body Composition Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center Louisiana State University System Baton Rouge Louisiana USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0230-6586","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grant M.","family":"Tinsley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management Texas Tech University Lubbock Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2023.104972"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23736\/S0022-4707.18.08683-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2016.05.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.37.5.436"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-018-1053-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-009-1211-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-019-06573-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.070466"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nure.12096"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glz034"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","unstructured":"Assesmbly UNG. 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