{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T00:30:33Z","timestamp":1778200233830,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]],"date-time":"2025-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741824000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":12,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin Physio Funct Imaging"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The purpose of the present study was to clarify the effects of consciously controlled slow breathing on cardiac parasympathetic nervous activity Postexercise. Fifteen young healthy adult men participated in this study. They exercised on the bicycle ergometer at 50% of peak oxygen uptake for 10\u2009min and then rested on the chair for 10\u2009min. Two conditions were performed, namely slow breathing at 6 breaths per minute (SLOW) and spontaneous breathing (CON) at recovery phase in randomized order. We measured the oxygen uptake (<jats:italic>V\u0307<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>O2<\/jats:sub>), respiratory rate (RR), minute ventilation (<jats:italic>V\u0307<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>E<\/jats:sub>), tidal volume (<jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>T<\/jats:sub>), ventilatory equivalents for carbon dioxide excretion (<jats:italic>V\u0307<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>E<\/jats:sub>\/<jats:italic>V\u0307<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>CO2<\/jats:sub>), heart rate (HR), and R\u2010R intervals. From the R\u2010R intervals, we calculated the coefficient of variation of the R\u2010R intervals (CVRR), the natural logarithms of the high\u2010frequency (lnHF), and the natural logarithms of the sum of the components from very low\u2010 to high\u2010frequency (total power: lnTP). There were no significant differences between conditions in <jats:italic>V\u0307<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>O2<\/jats:sub> at exercise phase. At recovery phase in SLOW compared with CON, RR and <jats:italic>V\u0307<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>E<\/jats:sub>\/<jats:italic>V\u0307<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>CO2<\/jats:sub> were significantly decreased (both <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) with a slight decrease in <jats:italic>V\u0307<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>E<\/jats:sub>, and <jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>T<\/jats:sub> was increased (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). At recovery phase, while HR and lnHF had no differences between conditions, lnTP and CVRR were significantly higher in SLOW compared with CON (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05) and baseline phase (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). In conclusion, slow breathing at six breaths per minute accelerated the reactivation of cardiac parasympathetic nervous activity Postexercise, accompanied by improved efficiency of pulmonary gas exchange due to a slight decrease in <jats:italic>V\u0307<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>E<\/jats:sub>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/cpf.70007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]],"date-time":"2025-03-13T12:29:24Z","timestamp":1741868964000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Effects of consciously controlled slow breathing on cardiac parasympathetic nervous activity postexercise in young healthy males"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-8492-1457","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tatsuya","family":"Sugimoto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Japanese Red Cross Kobe Hospital Kobe Japan"},{"name":"Kobe 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Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Akira","family":"Ishikawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences Kobe 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