{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T06:35:36Z","timestamp":1790231736085,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,23]],"date-time":"2025-11-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763856000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":22,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin Physio Funct Imaging"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>After SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 infection, some patients develop post\u2010COVID condition (PCC), often associated with sympathicotonia. This study aimed to characterize sympathicotonia in PCC patients using a novel long\u2010term electrodermal activity (EDA) analysis via a smart ring and evaluate its clinical applicability.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Seventeen PCC patients were recruited from a Long Covid outpatient clinic, and 18 healthy controls volunteered. PCC patients were divided based on self\u2010reported symptoms into those with or without sympathicotonia. A 14\u2010day EDA monitoring was conducted. Sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity was expressed as a double normalized index of electrodermal activity (DNE), with higher levels indicating higher SNS activity. Orthostatic tests were performed to identify orthostatic sympathicotonia. DNE levels, representing EDA, were compared to self\u2010reported and orthostatic sympathicotonia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      DNE levels did not differ between PCC patients with (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200912) or without (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20095) self\u2010reported sympathicotonia or compared with nonsympathetic controls. When dividing all participants by orthostatic test results, DNE levels were lower during day (08:00\u201314:00;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05) but higher during late night (00:00\u201302:00;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05) in those with orthostatic sympathicotonia (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200921) compared to those without (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200914), with the 24\u2010h comparison significant (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.022). Among PCC patients, DNE levels were higher in orthostatic nonsympathicotonic (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20097) than orthostatic sympathicotonic (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200910) during morning (09:00\u201312:00;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05), with the 24\u2010h comparison significant (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.044).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Self\u2010reported symptoms did not distinguish sympathicotonia. However, individuals with orthostatic test\u2010identified sympathicotonia had heightened EDA, indicating increased sympathetic activity, particularly during late night. PCC was not identifiable by EDA. Long\u2010term EDA monitoring may provide an objective tool for detecting sympathicotonia independently of self\u2010reported symptoms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/cpf.70037","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]],"date-time":"2025-11-24T06:54:08Z","timestamp":1763967248000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Characterization of sympathicotonia in post\u2010covid condition (long covid) and healthy controls using long\u2010term electrodermal activity (EDA) follow\u2010up"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-1128-4814","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Timo","family":"Mustonen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Physiology Peijas Hospital, HUS Medical Diagnostic Center, Helsinki University Hospital and Helsinki University Helsinki Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pasi","family":"Kyt\u00f6l\u00e4","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Social Sciences Tampere University Tampere Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanna","family":"Lantto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Physiology Park Hospital, HUS Medical Diagnostic Center, Helsinki University Hospital and Helsinki University Helsinki Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erika","family":"Lager","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Social Sciences Tampere University Tampere Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Velina","family":"Vangelova\u2010Korpinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Outpatient Clinic for Persistent Symptom Rehabilitation Helsinki University Hospital and Helsinki University Helsinki Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H\u00e9l\u00e8ne","family":"Virrantaus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Outpatient Clinic for Persistent Symptom Rehabilitation Helsinki University Hospital and Helsinki University Helsinki Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Sulg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Outpatient Clinic for Persistent Symptom Rehabilitation Helsinki University Hospital and Helsinki University Helsinki Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanna","family":"St\u00e5lnacke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Outpatient Clinic for Persistent Symptom Rehabilitation Helsinki University Hospital and Helsinki University Helsinki Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tatiana","family":"Posharina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Outpatient Clinic for Persistent Symptom Rehabilitation Helsinki University Hospital and Helsinki University Helsinki Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ritva","family":"Luukkonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics and Bioanalytics Finnish Institute of Occupational Health Helsinki Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arja","family":"Uusitalo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine HUS Medical Diagnostic Center, Helsinki University Hospital and Helsinki University Helsinki Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2535-4409","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"P\u00e4ivi","family":"Piiril\u00e4","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Physiology Park Hospital, HUS Medical Diagnostic Center, Helsinki University Hospital and Helsinki University Helsinki Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mari","family":"Kanerva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Rehabilitation Helsinki University Hospital and Helsinki University Helsinki Finland"},{"name":"Department of Infection Control Turku University Hospital, The Wellbeing Services County of Southwest Finland Turku Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2023.10.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2022.01.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00941-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.924819"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-03831-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2022.12.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)01214-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-93546-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-023-06637-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-1126-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10484-019-09437-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-57571-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vhri.2024.101039"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2020.10.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7861\/clinmed.2020-0896"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2011.02.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.36057"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2023.12.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v14122629"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2021.06.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20032251"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10235594"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.5612"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0000000000000588"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","first-page":"5587","article-title":"Autonomic dysfunction and metabolic disorders as the possible sequelae of COVID\u201019 infection","volume":"26","author":"Inanc I.H.","year":"2022","journal-title":"European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/jpbs.jpbs_738_21"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/life14050545"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-46184-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2021.12.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2017.12.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.1022298"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax.55.4.295"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2023.1256512"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12010100"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-024-04081-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pakarinen T. Pietila J.&Nieminen H.Prediction of self\u2010perceived stress and arousal based on electrodermal activity.In:2019 41st Annu. Int. Conf. IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Soc. EMBC(2019);2191\u20132195.IEEE Berlin Germany.","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC.2019.8857621"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-022-11172-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000033837"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(23)00239-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/497S2a"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2022.120162"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2019.12.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehac031"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00870-2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaccas.2022.06.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0000000000000766"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000002819"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_49_1","article-title":"Associations of continuous electrodermal activity with job burnout and work engagement","author":"Salonius H.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Electronic Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(22)00501-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.696170"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_52_1","article-title":"High incidence of autonomic dysfunction and postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome in patients with long COVID: implications for management and health care planning","author":"Seeley M.\u2010C.","year":"2023","journal-title":"The American Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-022-06350-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10286-021-00803-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2021.e07033"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199302043280502"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.15423"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2021.08.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000169809"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC.2015.7319865"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_61_1","first-page":"e0247280","volume-title":"PLOS ONE","author":"Townsend L.","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2016.08.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.121.320460"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-56332-7"}],"container-title":["Clinical Physiology and Functional Imaging"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/cpf.70037","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T10:18:11Z","timestamp":1764152291000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/cpf.70037"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/cpf.70037"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cpf.70037","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1475-0961","1475-097X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1475-0961","type":"print"},{"value":"1475-097X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-04-29","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-11-12","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-11-23","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70037"}}