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In the present study, we analysed the effects of maternal diabetes on tooth germ cell proliferation and apoptosis in offspring, and investigated their underlying mechanisms.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A rat model of maternal diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin and the pregnant rats were divided into three groups: controls, the diabetic group and diabetic group with insulin treatment. Offspring of the three groups were collected and cell proliferation and apoptosis in tooth germs were analysed. Primary dental papilla cells and dental epithelial stem cells were isolated and treated with high glucose in vitro, in an attempt to simulate maternal diabetes\u2010induced hyperglycaemia in vivo.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Maternal diabetes significantly affected cell proliferation and apoptosis in offspring tooth germs. The <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TLR<\/jats:styled-content>4\/<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\u0138B<\/jats:styled-content> signalling pathway was activated in the tooth germs of offspring of diabetic dams. High glucose treatment activated the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TLR<\/jats:styled-content>4\/<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\u0138B<\/jats:styled-content> signalling pathway in primary dental papilla cells and dental epithelial stem cells in vitro, resulting in suppression of cell proliferation and enhancement of apoptosis. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TLR<\/jats:styled-content>4 knockdown significantly reduced adverse effects induced by high glucose treatment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Maternal gestational diabetes significantly impaired dental epithelial and mesenchymal cell proliferation and apoptosis in offspring, possibly by activation of the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TLR<\/jats:styled-content>4\/<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\u0138B<\/jats:styled-content> signalling pathway.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/cpr.12324","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,17]],"date-time":"2016-12-17T12:55:41Z","timestamp":1481979341000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Maternal diabetes modulates offspring cell proliferation and apoptosis during odontogenesis <i>via<\/i> the <scp>TLR<\/scp>4\/<scp>NF<\/scp>\u2010\u03baB signalling pathway"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Guoqing","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases West China College of Stomatology Sichuan University  Chengdu China"},{"name":"National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine West China College of Stomatology Sichuan University  Chengdu China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenhua","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key 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