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Irradiation\u2010damaged submandibular gland cells (SMGCs) were treated with different concentrations of tFNAs. Cell activity was measured by CCK\u20108 assay. Cell death was detected by Calcein\u2010AM\/PI double staining. Cell apoptosis was assessed by flow cytometry. The expression of apoptosis proteins and inflammatory cytokines were detected by western blot. Body weight, drinking volume, saliva flow rate and lag time was measured 8\u2009weeks after irradiation. Micromorphological changes of submandibular gland were assessed by haematoxylin\u2013eosin and masson staining. Cell proliferation, apoptosis and microvessel density of submandibular gland were evaluated by immunohistochemical staining. tFNAs could promote cell proliferation, inhibit cell apoptosis of irradiation\u2010damaged SMGCs and reduce irradiation induced cell death. Mechanism studies revealed that tFNAs inhibited cell apoptosis through regulating the Bcl\u20102\/Bax\/Caspase\u20103 signalling pathway and inhibited the release of TNF\u2010\u03b1, IL\u20101\u03b2 and IL\u20106 to reduce cell damage caused by inflammation. Animal experiments showed that tFNAs could alleviate irradiation\u2010induced weight loss, increased water intake, decreased saliva production and prolonged salivation lag time and could ameliorate salivary gland damage. tFNAs have a positive effect on alleviating irradiation\u2010induced salivary gland damage and might be a promising agent for the treatment of this disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/cpr.13381","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,14]],"date-time":"2022-12-14T07:43:20Z","timestamp":1671003800000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Tetrahedral framework nucleic acids alleviate irradiation\u2010induced salivary gland damage"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Xueping","family":"Xie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases West China Hospital of 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