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The use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is one current approach for achieving true restoration of AB defects (ABD). Antler stem cells (AnSC) are capable of renewing a huge mammalian bony appendage, the deer antler, suggesting an unparalleled potential for bone regeneration. Herein, we investigated the effectiveness of deer AnSCs conditioned medium (CM, AnSC\u2010CM) for repair of surgically\u2010created ABD using a rat model and sought to define the underlying mechanisms. The results showed that AnSC\u2010CM effectively induced regeneration of AB tissue; the outcome was significantly better than human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell conditioned medium (hBMSC\u2010CM). AnSC\u2010CM treatment upregulated osteogenic factors and downregulated osteoclastic differentiation factors; stimulated proliferation, migration and differentiation of resident MSCs toward osteogenic lineage cells; modulated macrophage polarization toward the M2 phenotype and suppressed osteoclastogenesis. That AnSC\u2010CM resulted in better outcomes than hBMSC\u2010CM in treating ABD was attributed to the cell compatibility as both AnSCs and AB tissue are neural crest\u2010derived. In conclusion, the effects of AnSC\u2010CM on AB tissue regeneration were achieved through both promotion of osteogenesis and inhibition of osteoclastogenesis. We believe that AnSC\u2010CM is a candidate for effective treatment of ABD in dental clinical practice but will require investment in further development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/cpr.13454","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,17]],"date-time":"2023-03-17T02:36:20Z","timestamp":1679020580000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Conditioned media of deer antler stem cells accelerate regeneration of alveolar bone defects in rats"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"56","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7983-3731","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qianqian","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Antler Science and Product Technology, Changchun Sci\u2010Tech University  Changchun Jilin China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junjun","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute 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