{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,5]],"date-time":"2023-10-05T11:43:58Z","timestamp":1696506238163},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,1]],"date-time":"2013-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1380585600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clinical Respiratory J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background and Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>The clinical management of tuberculosis (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TB<\/jats:styled-content>) could be greatly improved by an affordable biomarker test to monitor treatment response. Here, we examined changes in immunoglobulin <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">M<\/jats:styled-content> (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IgM<\/jats:styled-content>) antibody response to lipids as a potential biomarker for monitoring <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TB<\/jats:styled-content> treatment in an experimental mouse model.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We performed enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent assay to investigate changes in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IgM<\/jats:styled-content> antibody response against cardiolipin (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CL<\/jats:styled-content>), phosphatidylcholine (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PTC<\/jats:styled-content>), phosphatidylethanolamine (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PE<\/jats:styled-content>), phosphatidylinositol (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PI<\/jats:styled-content>) and sphingolipid (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SL<\/jats:styled-content>) in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BALB<\/jats:styled-content>\/c mice that were treated after being infected with <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">M<\/jats:styled-content>ycobacterium tuberculosis<\/jats:italic> for 4 weeks (acute infection) and 20 weeks (chronic infection). Cytokine levels [interleukin (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>)\u20105, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u201010, interferon\u2010gamma (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IFN<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010\u03b3), monocyte chemoattractant protein\u20101 (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MCP<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101)] in lung and spleen homogenates as well as in blood were also compared.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In both acutely and chronically infected mice, lungs were sterilised of <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">M<\/jats:styled-content>.\u2009tuberculosis<\/jats:italic> infection after 8 weeks of treatment. The <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IgM<\/jats:styled-content> response to <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CL<\/jats:styled-content>, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PTC<\/jats:styled-content>, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PE<\/jats:styled-content>, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PI<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SL<\/jats:styled-content> were consistently elevated throughout the course of infection in chronically infected mice compared with acutely infected mice. In acutely infected mice, the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IgM<\/jats:styled-content> antibody response against <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CL<\/jats:styled-content> significantly decreased after 8 weeks of treatment, but not against other lipids. In chronically infected mice, the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IgM<\/jats:styled-content> response showed no significant changes against any of the lipids after 8 weeks of treatment. Of the cytokines examined, only <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MCP<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101 levels in lungs decreased significantly after treatment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>These findings demonstrate that antilipid <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IgM<\/jats:styled-content> antibody can remain elevated in chronically infected mice, but with treatment, only anti\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CL IgM<\/jats:styled-content> antibody levels decreased together with <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">M<\/jats:styled-content>.\u2009tuberculosis<\/jats:italic> bacterial burden in acutely infected mice. Treatment did not affect antilipid <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IgM<\/jats:styled-content> levels in chronically infected mice.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/crj.12049","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,1]],"date-time":"2013-08-01T07:57:59Z","timestamp":1375343879000},"page":"137-144","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Antiphospholipid <scp>IgM<\/scp> antibody response in acute and chronic <i><scp>M<\/scp>ycobacterium tuberculosis<\/i> mouse infection model"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Amador","family":"Goodridge","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Scientific Research and High Technology Services (INDICASAT\u2010AIP)  City of Knowledge Panama Panama"},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology School of Public Health University of California  Berkeley CA 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