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Molecular components of these pathogens are recognized by pattern\u2010recognition receptors (PRR<\/jats:styled-content>s) expressed by various cells in the airway, which leads to initiation of inflammatory processes. Expression levels of PRR<\/jats:styled-content>s in airway inflammatory cells are expected to affect susceptibility to COPD<\/jats:styled-content> exacerbation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Aims<\/jats:title>This prospective observational study was conducted to detect any association between exacerbation and PRR<\/jats:styled-content> expression.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Methods<\/jats:title>Thirty\u2010one male COPD<\/jats:styled-content> patients were recruited. At baseline, clinical history, lung function measurements, peripheral blood samples and induced sputum were obtained. Using sputum samples, we performed gene expression analysis of TLR2<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content>, TLR3<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content>, TLR4<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content>, NOD1<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content>, NOD2<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content>, RIG<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<\/jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content> and MDA\u20105<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content> by quantitative reverse transcription\u2010polymerase chain reaction in addition to quantitative bacterial culture. COPD<\/jats:styled-content> exacerbations were assessed based on A<\/jats:styled-content>nthonisen's criteria using symptom diaries for the following 1\u2010year period.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>During 1\u2010year follow\u2010up period, 13 patients experienced at least one exacerbation, but 18 patients did not. Those with exacerbations tended to be more severe COPD<\/jats:styled-content> and showed larger neutrophil fraction in their induced sputum. Among PRR<\/jats:styled-content>s, only TLR3<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content> gene expression was increased in COPD<\/jats:styled-content> patients with exacerbation compared with those without exacerbations. Multivariate logistic regression analysis including neutrophil fraction and TLR3<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content> gene expression as predictor variables demonstrated that only an increase of neutrophil fraction, but not TLR3<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content> gene expression, was a significant predictor for COPD<\/jats:styled-content> exacerbation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusion<\/jats:title>TLR3<\/jats:styled-content><\/jats:italic> expression in inflammatory cells might affect the susceptibility to COPD<\/jats:styled-content> exacerbation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/crj.12171","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,6]],"date-time":"2014-06-06T02:22:53Z","timestamp":1402021373000},"page":"11-21","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Association of COPD<\/scp> exacerbation frequency with gene expression of pattern recognition receptors in inflammatory cells in induced sputum"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Daisuke","family":"Kinose","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto University Kyoto Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emiko","family":"Ogawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Administration Center and Division of Respiratory Medicine Department of Medicine Shiga University of Medical Science Otsu Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megumi","family":"Kudo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto University Kyoto Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Satoshi","family":"Marumo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto University Kyoto Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hirofumi","family":"Kiyokawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto University Kyoto Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuma","family":"Hoshino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto University Kyoto Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toyohiro","family":"Hirai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto University Kyoto Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazuo","family":"Chin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Care and Sleep Control Medicine Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto University Kyoto Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shigeo","family":"Muro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto University Kyoto Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michiaki","family":"Mishima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto University Kyoto Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","unstructured":"The Global Strategy for the Diagnosis Management and Prevention of COPD Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) 2011. 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