{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T18:25:11Z","timestamp":1767896711495,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,16]],"date-time":"2019-08-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1565913600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Respiratory J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Potentially unnecessary antibiotic use for community\u2010acquired pneumonia (CAP) contributes to selection of antibiotic\u2010resistant pathogens. Cytokine expression at the time that treatment is started may assist in identifying patients not requiring antibiotics. We determined plasma cytokine patterns in patients retrospectively categorized as strict viral, pneumococcal or combined viral\u2010bacterial CAP.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To investigate whether cytokine\u2010based prediction models can be used to differentiate strict viral CAP from other aetiologies at admission.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>From 344 hospitalized CAP patients, 104 patients were categorized as viral CAP (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a017), pneumococcal CAP (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a048) and combined bacterial\u2010viral CAP (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a039). IL\u20106, IL\u201010, IL\u201027, IFN\u2010\u03b3 and C\u2010reactive protein (CRP) were determined on admission in plasma. Prediction of strict viral aetiology was explored with two multivariate regression models and ROC curves.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Viral pneumonia was predicted by logistic regression using multiple cytokine levels (IL\u20106, IL\u201027 and CRP) with an AUC of 0.911 (95% CI: 0.852\u20100.971, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a0.001). For the same patients the AUC of CRP was 0.813 (95% CI: 0.728\u20100.898, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a0.001).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study demonstrated differences in cytokine expression in selected CAP patients between viral and bacterial aetiology. Prospective validation studies are warranted.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/crj.13062","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,16]],"date-time":"2019-07-16T13:26:24Z","timestamp":1563283584000},"page":"605-613","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Plasma cytokine profile on admission related to aetiology in community\u2010acquired pneumonia"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1618-3625","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduard H.","family":"Burgmeijer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonology North West Hospital Alkmaar Alkmaar the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruud","family":"Duijkers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonology North West Hospital Alkmaar Alkmaar the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ren\u00e9","family":"Lutter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Respiratory Medicine and Experimental Immunology Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam Amsterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marc J. 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