{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T00:27:11Z","timestamp":1779323231233,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":8,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,28]],"date-time":"2021-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616889600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Respiratory J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>The phosphodiesterase inhibitors theophylline and pentoxifylline have anti\u2010inflammatory properties that may make them useful in COVID\u201019 pneumonia. We conducted a retrospective review of hospitalized COVID\u201019 patients requiring oxygen who received these drugs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Objectives<\/jats:title>To examine the potential efficacy and safety of theophylline and pentoxifylline in COVID\u201019 pneumonia patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Methods<\/jats:title>Adults with a positive test for SARS\u2010COV2 and were hospitalized due to pneumonia requiring either high flow nasal cannula or mechanical ventilation were included. Patients with a history of asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were preferentially given theophylline. All other patients received pentoxifylline 400\u00a0mg orally TID. A group of hospitalized COVID\u201019 patients receiving standard of care acted as a comparison group. The coprimary outcomes were a change in C\u2010reactive protein (CRP) and ROX score between groups from day 1 to day 4 of therapy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>Two hundred and nine inpatients were reviewed. Fifty\u2010eight patients received pentoxifylline\/theophylline, with 151 patients serving as the comparison group. Active therapy was associated with an increase in the ROX score (mean: 2.9 (95% CI: 0.6, 5.1)) and decrease in CRP (mean: \u22120.7 (95% CI: \u22124.7, 3.2). Mortality rates were theophylline\/pentoxifylline 24% and comparison group had a 26%, respectively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusion<\/jats:title>In this retrospective study, theophylline and pentoxifylline were associated with an increase in ROX score and nominal decreases in CRP and mortality. Treatment was safe with few adverse reactions documented. We believe that this study could the basis for randomized\u2010controlled trials to further explore these drugs\u2019 role in COVID\u201019.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/crj.13363","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]],"date-time":"2021-03-18T20:51:22Z","timestamp":1616100682000},"page":"843-846","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Pentoxifylline or theophylline use in hospitalized COVID\u201019 patients requiring oxygen support"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8668-9966","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Geoffrey C.","family":"Wall","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Drake University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences Des Moines IA USA"},{"name":"Department of Medical Education, UnityPoint Health \u2013 Des Moines Iowa Methodist Medical Center Des Moines IA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hayden L.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Education, UnityPoint Health \u2013 Des Moines Iowa Methodist Medical Center Des Moines IA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthew W.","family":"Trump","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Education, UnityPoint Health \u2013 Des Moines Iowa Methodist Medical Center Des Moines IA USA"},{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine The Iowa Clinic, PC Des Moines IA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jason D.","family":"Mohr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Education, UnityPoint Health \u2013 Des Moines Iowa Methodist Medical Center Des Moines IA USA"},{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine The Iowa Clinic, PC Des Moines IA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samuel P.","family":"DuMontier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Education, UnityPoint Health \u2013 Des Moines Iowa Methodist Medical Center Des Moines IA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Becca L.","family":"Sabates","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Education, UnityPoint Health \u2013 Des Moines Iowa Methodist Medical Center Des Moines IA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Iaswarya","family":"Ganapathiraju","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Education, UnityPoint Health \u2013 Des Moines Iowa Methodist Medical Center Des Moines IA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tim J.","family":"Kable","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Education, UnityPoint Health \u2013 Des Moines Iowa Methodist Medical Center Des Moines IA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.41285"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102452"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","volume-title":"Micromedex (Electronic version)"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","volume-title":"Micromedex (Electronic version)"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.38690"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajhp\/56.15.1529"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201803-0589OC"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","article-title":"Dexamethasone in hospitalized patients with Covid\u201019\u2014preliminary report","author":"RECOVERY Collaborative Group","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"}],"container-title":["The Clinical Respiratory 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