{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T06:20:16Z","timestamp":1792650016849,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,21]],"date-time":"2022-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642723200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004320","name":"Shiraz University of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["97\u201001\u201001\u201018655"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["97\u201001\u201001\u201018655"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004320","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Respiratory J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The epidemic tobacco use is a public health concern worldwide. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of tobacco use and its socioeconomic determinants in the city of Shiraz, Iran.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In total, 5873 adults aged 20 and older were included in this study from the city of Shiraz, Iran, from June to October 2015. The sampling was conducted using the stratified random sampling method. Active cigarette, hookah, and second\u2010hand smokers were labeled as tobacco users in this study. Past smokers and non\u2010smokers were labeled as non\u2010tobacco users. The participants' socioeconomic status (SES) was determined based on their self\u2010reported level of education, occupation, income, and residence.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this study, 35.4% of the participants were tobacco users. The prevalence of active cigarette, active hookah, dual\u2010users, and secondhand smokers was 13.3%, 8.3%, 0.4%, and 13.4%, respectively. The prevalence of tobacco use was highest among individuals with primary education level (40.9%), manual jobs (46.4%), lowest income level (38.1%), and those living in the suburban areas (36.4%). In multivariate analysis, the most socioeconomic factors related to tobacco usage were lack of academic education, manual job, and low\u2010income level.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Tobacco control efforts should be more focused on vulnerable groups of cigarette and hookah users in the southwest of Iran. Moreover, SES and reduction of health\u2010related disparities and inequality should be considered a crucial concern in this regard.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/crj.13470","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,21]],"date-time":"2022-01-21T03:55:34Z","timestamp":1642737334000},"page":"208-215","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Prevalence of tobacco smoking and its socioeconomic determinants"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8998-1209","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hamideh","family":"Mahdaviazad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Family Medicine Department, School of Medicine Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Shiraz Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reza","family":"Foroutan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Committee Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Shiraz Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0129-7155","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seyed Masoom","family":"Masoompour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Non\u2010Communicable Diseases Research Center Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Shiraz Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","first-page":"459","article-title":"Are the predictors of hookah smoking differ from those of cigarette smoking? 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