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The present study aimed to identify prognostic factors of overall survival (OS) in non\u2010small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients with MPE in the time of immunotherapy and targeted therapy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Data of 344 consecutive NSCLC patients with MPE on clinical, radiological, and molecular characteristics and treatment options were collected. The risk factors in the training cohort were assessed using univariate and multivariate proportional hazards analyses. A clinical prognostic score was established and validated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>According to the results of the multivariable survival analysis, the Eastern <jats:bold>C<\/jats:bold>ooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance score (PS), <jats:bold>a<\/jats:bold>ntiangiogenic therapy, <jats:bold>i<\/jats:bold>mmunotherapy, and <jats:bold>l<\/jats:bold>actic dehydrogenase (LDH) in pleural fluid (CAIL) prognostic score was developed (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009275) and subsequently validated (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200969). Patients who underwent risk stratification into low\u2010, moderate\u2010, and high\u2010risk groups had median OS of 46.1, 23.1, and 9.6\u00a0months, respectively (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001). The area under the curve (AUC) analysis showed the CAIL score to be superior at predicting survival compared with the LENT score at 6 (0.84 vs. 0.77, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.01), 12 (0.87 vs. 0.82, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.01), and 36\u2009months (0.80 vs. 0.77, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.01).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>For NSCLC patients with MPE, the validated CAIL prognostic score integrates clinical characteristics and therapeutic modalities to predict survival.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/crj.13700","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,19]],"date-time":"2023-09-19T05:01:36Z","timestamp":1695099696000},"page":"1158-1168","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Development and validation of the CAIL prognostic score in non\u2010small cell lung cancer patients with malignant pleural effusion"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Tianyuan","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province West China Hospital, Sichuan University  Chengdu Sichuan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6313-3228","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Panwen","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province West China Hospital, Sichuan University  Chengdu Sichuan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qin","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province West China Hospital, Sichuan University  Chengdu Sichuan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lung Cancer Center, West China Hospital Sichuan University  Chengdu Sichuan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lung Cancer Center, West China Hospital Sichuan University  Chengdu Sichuan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6977-1626","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yalun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of 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