{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T06:53:46Z","timestamp":1774680826104,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]],"date-time":"2025-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747094400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":12,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Respiratory J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Previous observational studies have suggested a potential association between smoking exposure and influenza infection risk. However, the impact of different smoke exposure statuses on susceptibility to influenza infection remains insufficiently explored. This study employs Mendelian randomization analysis to investigate the causal relationship between smoking exposure statuses, including current tobacco use, household smoking exposure, past smoking history, and the risk of influenza infection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The summary\u2010level data for this study were obtained from the FinnGen Consortium R11 and Neale Lab, both outcomes and exposures. To ensure robust results, we employed multiplicative random\u2010effects inverse variance weighting, MR\u2010Egger, and weighted median (WM) methods to analyze single\u2010nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). We also conducted Cochran's <jats:italic>Q<\/jats:italic> test, MR\u2010PRESSO, and the MR\u2010Egger intercept test to assess heterogeneity and horizontal pleiotropy, ensuring accurate and reliable findings.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our analysis demonstrated that elevated exposure to current tobacco smoking causally increased the risk of influenza infection, with (OR\u2009=\u20092.032, 95% CI 1.672\u20132.538, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) or without pneumonia (OR\u2009=\u20092.081, 95% CI 1.824\u20132.338, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.015). No reverse causal relationship was found, and no bidirectional effects were observed for past smoking (OR\u2009=\u20091.108, 95% CI 0.543\u20132.258, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.779) or household exposure (OR\u2009=\u20091.127, 95% CI \u22120.209\u20132.462, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.939).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This analysis identified a significant causal association between current tobacco smoking and increased risk of influenza infection. However, no significant association was observed for other smoking exposures (e.g., former or household smoking). These findings emphasized the importance of considering different types of smoking exposure in clinical influenza prevention and treatment strategies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/crj.70083","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T05:35:07Z","timestamp":1747200907000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Causal Inference of Different Smoke Exposure Statuses and Influenza Risk: Insights From a Mendelian Randomization Study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Yanqi","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Zhejiang Province, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine  Zhejiang Hangzhou China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haixia","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Zhejiang Province, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine  Zhejiang Hangzhou China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shijie","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Nephrology and Clinical Metabolomics and Division of Nephrology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Tongji University School of Medicine  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiesen","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Zhejiang Province, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine  Zhejiang Hangzhou China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4390-7636","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhihua","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Zhejiang Province, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine  Zhejiang Hangzhou China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.i6258"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization \u201cInfluenza (Seasonal)\u201d (2025) https:\/\/www.who.int\/en\/news\u2010room\/fact\u2010sheets\/detail\/influenza\u2010(seasonal)."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2013.11.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2015.02.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","unstructured":"European Commission \u201cTackling Secondhand Tobacco Smoke and E\u2010cigarette Emissions: Exposure Assessment Novel Interventions Impact on Lung Diseases and Economic Burden in Diverse European Populations \u201d The TackSHS Project (2022) \u00a0https:\/\/cordis.europa.eu\/article\/id\/415506\u2010time\u2010to\u2010act\u2010on\u2010passive\u2010smoking\u2010as\u2010new\u2010evidence\u2010of\u2010health\u2010risks\u2010emerges."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(98)00213-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3349\/ymj.2014.55.2.422"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tid.12160"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.k601"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.18236"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05473-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","first-page":"2022\u201003","article-title":"FinnGen: Unique Genetic Insights from Combining Isolated Population and National Health Register Data","author":"Kurki M. 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