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Intestinal failure in adults is mostly due to short bowel syndrome, which is most often caused by ischemia and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>rohn's disease. However, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TPN<\/jats:styled-content> fails in a substantial number of cases. For patients with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TPN<\/jats:styled-content> failure, intestinal transplantation (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IT<\/jats:styled-content>x) may be offered as a treatment. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TPN<\/jats:styled-content> failure is considered to be present either if nutrition itself is not possible or if complications of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TPN<\/jats:styled-content> occur. These complications can, for example, originate from recurrent line infections or thrombosis. As <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TPN<\/jats:styled-content> is usually a lifelong therapy and is associated with substantial impairment of the quality of life, the tolerance of each patient to this procedure is another important consideration in the decision making about whether to perform transplantation. The survival rates of intestinal transplant recipients have now reached the same level as that of recipients of other solid organ transplants. A five\u2010yr survival of up to 80% has been reported in specialized centers, whereas registry data show rates of &lt;80%. Although in about one\u2010third of patients, isolated <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IT<\/jats:styled-content>x is sufficient, patients with concurrent liver disease (mostly due to <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TPN<\/jats:styled-content>) benefit from combined intestinal and liver transplantation. In some cases, multivisceral transplantation is necessary. Here, we review the current indications for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IT<\/jats:styled-content>x with a special focus on <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TPN<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ctr.12161","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,2]],"date-time":"2013-08-02T10:29:03Z","timestamp":1375439343000},"page":"49-55","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Indications for intestinal transplantation: recognizing the scope and limits of total parenteral nutrition"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Daniel N.","family":"Gotthardt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Infectious Diseases University Hospital of Heidelberg Heidelberg Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Annika","family":"Gauss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Infectious Diseases University Hospital of Heidelberg Heidelberg Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ulrike","family":"Zech","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology University Hospital of Heidelberg Heidelberg Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arianeb","family":"Mehrabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General and Transplant Surgery University Hospital of Heidelberg Heidelberg Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karl Heinz","family":"Weiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Infectious Diseases University Hospital of Heidelberg Heidelberg Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Sauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Infectious Diseases University Hospital of Heidelberg Heidelberg Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Stremmel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Infectious Diseases University Hospital of Heidelberg Heidelberg Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Markus W.","family":"B\u00fcchler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General and Transplant Surgery University Hospital of Heidelberg Heidelberg Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Schemmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General and Transplant Surgery University Hospital of Heidelberg Heidelberg Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0804605"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.12022"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","unstructured":"Intestine Transplant Registry Report.2011."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","first-page":"235","article-title":"First successful clinical small intestine transplantation. 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