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The onset generally occurs months after transplantation and the mode of acquisition is often impossible to determine, but de novo vector\u2010borne infection and reactivation of inapparent infection are thought to be the principal means. The potential role of clinically inapparent donor infection is uncertain and screening is not currently recommended, nor is it recommended for recipients from endemic areas, some of whom may have detectable circulating protozoan nucleic acid. While transplant recipients with<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VL<\/jats:styled-content>often present with the non\u2010specific findings of fever and cytopenia, the additional presence of hepatosplenomegaly in patients from endemic areas should lead to a directed diagnostic evaluation with bone marrow examination and<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCR<\/jats:styled-content>testing of marrow and peripheral blood having a high yield. Management may often be complicated by the presence of concomitant infections. A lipid formulation of amphotericin B is the preferred treatment, especially for<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VL<\/jats:styled-content>, but the relapse rate in transplant recipients is approximately 25%.<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCR<\/jats:styled-content>monitoring of blood for either secondary prophylaxis or preemptive therapy requires further study.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ctr.12867","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,9]],"date-time":"2016-12-09T13:25:54Z","timestamp":1481289954000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Leishmaniasis in solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Kiran","family":"Gajurel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases Carver College of Medicine University of Iowa Iowa City IA 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