{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T00:47:42Z","timestamp":1787014062608,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,20]],"date-time":"2022-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663632000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Transplantation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We reviewed the scientific literature to gain insight on the epidemiology and outcome of\n                      <jats:italic>Strongyloides stercoralis<\/jats:italic>\n                      infections after transplantation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      CINAHL, PUBMED, and OVID\/MEDLINE were reviewed from inception through March 31, 2022 using key words\n                      <jats:italic>Strongyloides<\/jats:italic>\n                      and transplantation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Our review identified 108 episodes of\n                      <jats:italic>Strongyloides<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection among 91 solid organ transplant (SOT) and 15 hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) recipients. Median time to infection was 10.8 (range, .14\u2013417) and 8.8 (range, 0\u2013208) weeks after SOT and HCT, respectively. Gastrointestinal symptoms were frequent (86\/108 [79.6%]), while skin rash (22\/108 [20.3%]) and fever (31\/103 [30%]) were less common. Peripheral eosinophilia was observed in half of patients (41\/77 [53.2%]). Bacteremia (31\/59 [52.5%]) was frequently due to Gram\u2010negative organisms (24\/31 [77.4%]). Abnormal chest radiologic findings were reported in half (56\/108 [51.9%]). The majority had hyperinfection syndrome (97\/108 [89.8%]) while disseminated strongyloidiasis was less common (11\/108 [10.2%]). Thirty\u2010two cases were categorized as donor\u2010derived infection (DDI), with donors (23\/24 [95.8%]) who had traveled to or lived in endemic areas. Median time to DDI was 8\u00a0weeks (range .5\u201334.3\u00a0weeks) after transplantation. Treatment consisted of ivermectin (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a026), a benzimidazole (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a027), or both drugs (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a028). There was high all\u2010cause mortality (48\/107, 44.9%) and a high\n                      <jats:italic>Strongyloides<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010attributable mortality (32\/49, 65.3%).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Strongyloidiasis should be strongly considered among recipients with epidemiologic risk factors for infection, even in the absence of eosinophilia or rash. A policy that provides guidance on pro\u2010active screening is needed, to ensure preventive measures are provided to recipients at increased risk.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ctr.14795","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,20]],"date-time":"2022-08-20T22:54:35Z","timestamp":1661036075000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["A comprehensive review of\n                    <i>Strongyloides stercoralis<\/i>\n                    infection after solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5183-8239","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cybele Lara R.","family":"Abad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Division of Infectious Diseases University of the Philippines\u2010Manila Philippine General Hospital  Manila Philippines"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7661-2976","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric","family":"Bhaimia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Division of Public Health Infectious Diseases and Occupational Medicine and The William J Von Liebig Center for Transplantation and Clinical Regeneration Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Sciences  Rochester Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5837-270X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Audrey N.","family":"Schuetz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Microbiology Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Sciences  Rochester Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5248-0227","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raymund R.","family":"Razonable","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Division of Public Health Infectious Diseases and Occupational Medicine and The William J Von Liebig Center for Transplantation and Clinical Regeneration Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Sciences  Rochester Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2009.02.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/630201"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.01.032"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-13-78"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transproceed.2015.11.045"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Resource for Health Professionals. Accessed: May 1 2022.https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/parasites\/strongyloides\/health_professionals\/index.html"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ctr.13618"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.13137"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/1319-2442.148752"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","first-page":"449","article-title":"Fatal strongyloides hyperinfection in post\u2010deceased kidney transplant presented with respiratory failure and septic shock","volume":"5","author":"Al\u2010Hubail RJ","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Cases"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idcr.2021.e01060"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.12-0017"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","first-page":"36","article-title":"Strongyloides stercoralis in Papanicolaou\u2010stained smears of ascitic fluid","volume":"24","author":"Avagnina MA","year":"1980","journal-title":"Acta Cytol"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3062.2009.00375.x"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","first-page":"482","article-title":"[Strongyloides stercoralis infection in renal transplant recipients]","volume":"29","author":"Beltr\u00e1n Catal\u00e1n S","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nefrologia"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.tp.0000173825.12681.eb"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/76.6.778"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SMJ.0b013e3181f61647"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healun.2010.08.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ctr.13497"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.92.6.1115"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-198210000-00014"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2013.07.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healun.2005.04.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","first-page":"1786265","article-title":"Strongyloides hyperinfection syndrome combined with cytomegalovirus infection","volume":"2016","author":"Elzein FE","year":"2016","journal-title":"Case Rep Transplant"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.17-0234"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(71)90158-9"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","first-page":"190","article-title":"Strongyloides stercoralis and cytomegalovirus coinfection in a patient with a transplanted kidney","volume":"35","author":"Fallahzadeh MA","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent)"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0037-86822012000500022"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.285.6352.1394"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2016.08.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2009.04082.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.15-0610"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","first-page":"763","article-title":"Strongyloides infection in a cardiac transplant recipient: making a case for pretransplantation screening and treatment","volume":"7","author":"Grover IS","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y)"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","first-page":"413","article-title":"Strongyloidiasis hyperinfection after renal transplant presenting as diffuse alveolar hemorrhage with respiratory failure","volume":"32","author":"Hakeem I","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent)"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0b013e3182115b7b"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","first-page":"914","article-title":"Fever and pulmonary infiltrates in a patient with a renal transplant","volume":"140","author":"Hirschmann JV","year":"1984","journal-title":"West J Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1981.03320170049031"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3062.2009.00386.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","first-page":"269","article-title":"Strongyloides stercoralis hyperinfection in a post\u2010renal transplant patient","volume":"4","author":"Issa H","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Exp Gastroenterol"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.13-0494"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2014-205068"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-020-05333-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3062.2008.00358.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006272"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","first-page":"2953805","article-title":"Strongyloides hyperinfection in a renal transplant patient: always be on the lookout","volume":"2017","author":"Mazhar M","year":"2017","journal-title":"Case Rep Infect Dis"},{"issue":"33","key":"e_1_2_10_48_1","first-page":"1301","article-title":"Strongyloides stercoralis hyperinfection in a renal allograft recipient","volume":"50","author":"Meyers AM","year":"1976","journal-title":"S Afr Med J"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-2277.2008.00767.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000226298"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4045\/tidsskr.13.0516"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-198611000-00016"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.07-2754"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_10_54_1","first-page":"472","article-title":"Kidney transplant recipient with disseminated Strongyloides","volume":"36","author":"Narasimhan N","year":"1983","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tid.12975"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tid.13008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1997.57.413"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)30708-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3062.2007.00256.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20453\/rmh.v27i1.2783"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3062.2006.00142.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4362.1992.tb03925.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transproceed.2018.02.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.12390"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12659\/AJCR.889341"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healun.2003.06.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-87-4-456"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/his.14111"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_10_69_1","first-page":"191","article-title":"A 34\u2010year\u2010old renal transplant recipient with high\u2010grade fever and progressive shortness of breath","volume":"48","author":"Soman R","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Postgrad Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2003.68.453"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.78.1.104"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3062.2008.00350.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1982.31.857"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3062.2010.00516.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.282.6263.524"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_76_1","first-page":"39","article-title":"Fatal strongyloidiasis after renal transplantation: a complication of immunosuppression","volume":"48","author":"White JV","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am Surg"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/ijn.IJN_246_16"},{"issue":"14","key":"e_1_2_10_78_1","first-page":"264","article-title":"Transmission of Strongyloides stercoralis through transplantation of solid organs\u2013Pennsylvania, 2012","volume":"62","year":"2013","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/ijn.IJN_141_19"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tid.12638"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/bmt.2008.383"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2407-6-87"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tid.12239"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_84_1","first-page":"860976","article-title":"Fatal strongyloides hyperinfection complicating a gram\u2010negative sepsis after allogeneic stem cell transplantation: a case report and review of the literature","volume":"2013","author":"Izquierdo I","year":"2013","journal-title":"Case Rep Hematol"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transproceed.2016.12.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01317-20"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0377-4929.72050"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bmt.1704104"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bmt.1705448"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/TXD.0000000000001021"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-020-04049-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/339753"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3062.2008.00360.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(81)90261-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(19)36487-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.23.6.1099-1103.1986"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_97_1","first-page":"58","article-title":"Strongyloides infections in transplant recipients","volume":"5","author":"Stone WJ","year":"1990","journal-title":"Semin Respir Infect"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.17.1.208-217.2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01982474"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.12120"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_101_1","first-page":"Cd007745","article-title":"Ivermectin versus albendazole or thiabendazole for strongyloides stercoralis infection","volume":"2016","author":"Henriquez\u2010Camacho C","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"}],"container-title":["Clinical Transplantation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/ctr.14795","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/ctr.14795","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/ctr.14795","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,19]],"date-time":"2023-08-19T11:53:00Z","timestamp":1692445980000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/ctr.14795"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,20]]},"references-count":100,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/ctr.14795"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ctr.14795","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0902-0063","1399-0012"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0902-0063","type":"print"},{"value":"1399-0012","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-06-16","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-08-11","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-09-20","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e14795"}}