{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T16:45:11Z","timestamp":1784825111600,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,27]],"date-time":"2022-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669507200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Transplantation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Prior randomized trials and observational studies have generally reported similar outcomes in kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) treated with immediate\u2010release tacrolimus (IR\u2010TAC) versus extended\u2010release tacrolimus (ER\u2010TAC). However, many of these previous studies focused on patients with low immunological risks, had small sample sizes and brief follow\u2010up periods, and excluded outcomes associated with graft loss, such as chronic rejection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>To address these limitations, we conducted a cohort study of 848 KTRs at a single transplantation center who had generally high immunological risks and were treated with either IR\u2010TAC capsules (589 patients, 65.9%) or ER\u2010TAC capsules (289 patients, 34.1%). All patients received their designated maintenance immunosuppressive regimen for at least 3\u00a0months post\u2010transplantation. Afterwards, tacrolimus formulation was at the discretion of each patient's transplant nephrologist. For the two treatment groups, we compared the hazards of experiencing a composite outcome of acute or chronic antibody\u2010mediated rejection (AMR), acute or chronic T\u2010cell\u2010mediated rejection, de novo DSA, and\/or graft loss over a 3\u2010year period starting at 3 months post\u2010transplantation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In a multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression model, KTRs treated with IR\u2010TAC capsules had an increased hazard of experiencing the composite outcome when compared to patients treated with ER\u2010TAC capsules; however, this result was not significant (adj HR 1.24, 95% CI .92\u20131.68, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0.163). Similar results were obtained with inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) using a propensity score (adj HR 1.25, 95% CI .93\u20131.68, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0.146).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>These findings suggest that when compared to IR\u2010TAC capsules, ER\u2010TAC capsules do not reduce the hazard of poor outcomes in KTRs with generally high immunological risks.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ctr.14840","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,14]],"date-time":"2022-11-14T15:32:14Z","timestamp":1668439934000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Outcomes in kidney transplant recipients treated with immediate\u2010release tacrolimus capsules versus extended\u2010release tacrolimus capsules: A cohort 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