{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T23:51:40Z","timestamp":1783036300586,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,3]],"date-time":"2024-12-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733184000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DK128207"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DK128207"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Transplantation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Living kidney donor (LKD) candidates of African ancestry are increasingly asked to undergo <jats:italic>Apolipoprotein<\/jats:italic> L1 (<jats:italic>APOL1<\/jats:italic>) genetic testing during the donor evaluation process to better understand their risk of kidney disease. LKD candidates\u2019 attitudes about using a clinical chatbot on <jats:italic>APOL1<\/jats:italic> remain unknown. This study builds on prior work to culturally adapt the Gia<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup> (Genetic Information Assistant) chatbot on <jats:italic>APOL1<\/jats:italic> by assessing donor, recipient, and community member attitudes about the Gia chatbot for enhancing the integration of <jats:italic>APOL1<\/jats:italic> testing into the LKD clinical evaluation workflow.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study involved focus groups and a post\u2010focus group survey in two US cities about the <jats:italic>APOL1<\/jats:italic> Gia chatbot. Qualitative data were analyzed via thematic analysis, and descriptive statistics were used for demographic data.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We conducted 10 focus groups including 54 participants (25 LKDs, 23 community members, and 6 living donor kidney transplant recipients of African ancestry). Five themes emerged: (1) participants supported LKD candidates using the Gia chatbot before the nephrologist clinic visit, (2) participants were interested in undergoing <jats:italic>APOL1<\/jats:italic> testing after using Gia, (3) <jats:italic>APOL1<\/jats:italic> testing costs may influence LKD candidates\u2019 willingness to get tested, (4) patients of African ancestry may hold varying preferences for using chatbots in the healthcare setting, and (5) individual\u2010level barriers may limit the use of Gia in the healthcare setting.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Individuals of African ancestry were highly receptive to integrating the <jats:italic>APOL1<\/jats:italic> chatbot into LKD candidate clinical evaluation, which bodes well for integrating chatbots into the <jats:italic>APOL1<\/jats:italic> clinical genetic testing process.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ctr.70026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,3]],"date-time":"2024-12-03T10:13:03Z","timestamp":1733220783000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Attitudes Toward Use of an <i>APOL1<\/i> Genetic Testing Chatbot in Living Kidney Donor Evaluation: A Focus Group Study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4790-5152","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James L.","family":"Rogers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Vanderbilt School of Medicine Nashville Tennessee USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7000-9014","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica","family":"Gacki\u2010Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Health Services and Outcomes Research Northwestern University Feinberg School 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