{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T14:57:42Z","timestamp":1787065062028,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,3]],"date-time":"2021-05-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620000000000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,3]],"date-time":"2021-05-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620000000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81870624"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81870624"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017C03046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017C03046"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006190","name":"Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020C03035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020C03035"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006190","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ascpt.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Translational Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of smartphone reading on the ocular surface and to compare the various effects of different screens and light conditions on the ocular surface. One hundred nineteen volunteers were randomly divided into: light\u00a0+\u00a0organic light\u2010emitting diode (OLED), light\u00a0+\u00a0electronic ink (eINK), dark\u00a0+\u00a0OLED, and dark\u00a0+\u00a0eINK. Ocular surface examinations, including noninvasive break\u2010up time (NIBUT), noninvasive keratograph tear meniscus height (NIKTMH), ocular redness, fluorescein break\u2010up time (FBUT), corneal fluorescein staining, meibomian gland assessment, Schirmer I Test, and blinking frequency, were performed before and after a reading task. Symptoms were evaluated using the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) and Computer Vision Syndrome Questionnaire (CVS\u2010Q). NIBUT and FBUT were decreased statistically significantly after participants read on an OLED screen for 2\u00a0hours compared with the baseline in light and dark environments, whereas no statistically significant decrease was observed on an eINK screen. NIKTMH was statistically significantly decreased after reading on an OLED screen in light and dark settings, and the eINK screen had a lesser effect on NIKTMH. An obvious increase in the ocular redness, OSDI and CVS\u2010Q scores was observed after reading on an OLED screen, whereas the eINK screen had a lesser effect on these indicators. Blink rate increased gradually in OLED subgroups during the reading task, whereas no statistically significant difference was observed in the eINK subgroups. Our research suggested that reading on an OLED screen can cause ocular surface disorder and obvious subjective discomfort, whereas reading on an eINK screen can minimize ocular surface disorder in both dark and light environments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/cts.12933","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,17]],"date-time":"2020-11-17T13:48:05Z","timestamp":1605620885000},"page":"829-836","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Effects on the Ocular Surface from Reading on Different Smartphone Screens: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Kelan","family":"Yuan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Center Affiliated Second Hospital School of Medicine Zhejiang University Hangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haiping","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Center Affiliated Second Hospital School of Medicine Zhejiang University Hangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yujie","family":"Mou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Center Affiliated Second Hospital School of Medicine Zhejiang University Hangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaying","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Center Affiliated Second Hospital School of Medicine Zhejiang University Hangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingliang","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Center Affiliated Second Hospital School of Medicine Zhejiang University Hangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaodan","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Center Affiliated Second Hospital School of Medicine Zhejiang University Hangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiuming","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Center Affiliated Second Hospital School of Medicine Zhejiang University Hangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.6.2017.052"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","unstructured":"US. 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