{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T02:12:25Z","timestamp":1780366345195,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,27]],"date-time":"2021-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635292800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004337","name":"Roche","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004337","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004328","name":"Genentech","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004328","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006483","name":"AbbVie","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006483","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ascpt.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Translational Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>This work presents an end\u2010to\u2010end approach for assessing the absolute bioavailability of highly hydrophobic, poorly water\u2010soluble compounds that exhibit high nonspecific binding using venetoclax as a model drug. The approach utilizes a stable labeled i.v. microdose and requires fewer resources compared with traditional approaches that use radioactive <jats:sup>14<\/jats:sup>C\u2010labeled compounds. The stable labeled venetoclax and internal standard were synthesized, then an i.v. formulation was developed. In the clinical study, female subjects received a single oral dose of venetoclax 100\u00a0mg followed by a 100\u2010\u00b5g i.v. dose of cold\u2010labeled <jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>C\u2010venetoclax at the oral time of maximum concentration (T<jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>). The i.v. microdose was prepared as an extemporaneous, sterile compounded solution on the dosing day by pharmacists at the clinical site. Several measures were taken to ensure the sterility and safety of the i.v. preparation. A sensitive liquid chromatography\u2010tandem mass spectrometry method was developed to allow the detection of plasma levels from the i.v. microdose. Plasma samples were collected through 72\u00a0h, and pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated using noncompartmental methods. Postdosing sample analysis demonstrated the consistency of the preparations and allowed the precise calculation of the pharmacokinetic parameters based on the actual injected dose. The absolute bioavailability of venetoclax was estimated at 5.4% under fasting conditions. Venetoclax extraction ratio was estimated to be 0.06 suggesting that the fraction transferred from the enterocytes into the liver is limiting venetoclax bioavailability. The proposed framework can be applied to other highly hydrophobic, poorly water\u2010soluble compounds that exhibit high nonspecific binding to support the understanding of their absorption and disposition mechanisms and guide formulation development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/cts.13144","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,20]],"date-time":"2021-08-20T16:17:54Z","timestamp":1629476274000},"page":"244-254","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["A microdosing framework for absolute bioavailability assessment of poorly soluble drugs: A case study on cold\u2010labeled venetoclax, from chemistry to the clinic"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Amr","family":"Alaarg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Drug Product Development AbbVie Inc.  North Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajeev","family":"Menon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics AbbVie  North Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Rizzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DMPK\u2010BA AbbVie Inc  North Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yemin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Development Sciences Analytical R&amp;D AbbVie Inc.  North Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey","family":"Bien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Development Sciences Program Management &amp; Sourcing  North Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tricia","family":"Elkinton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AbbVie Clinical Pharmacology Research Unit  Grayslake Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy","family":"Grieme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Process R&amp;D AbbVie Inc.  North Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lutz R.","family":"Asmus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Drug Product Development AbbVie Deutschland GmbH &amp; Co. KG  Ludwigshafen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9261-1583","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed Hamed","family":"Salem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics AbbVie  North Chicago Illinois USA"},{"name":"Clinical Pharmacy Ain Shams University  Cairo Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","first-page":"91","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics, absolute bioavailability, and disposition of [14C]nefazodone in humans","volume":"24","author":"Barbhaiya RH","year":"1996","journal-title":"Drug Metabol Dispos"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00280-017-3455-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2011.04071.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12793\/tcp.2017.25.2.53"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2017.09.027"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cts.12665"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpdd.395"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-018-0793-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10428194.2017.1361024"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40262-019-00746-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.712"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00280-016-3144-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2016.70.4320"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(20)30060-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cts.12739"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00280-020-04179-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hon.2646"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hon.2373"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40262-016-0453-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.joc.8b02750"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.116.071613"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40261-016-0485-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Clinical evaluation of P\u2010glycoprotein inhibition by venetoclax: a drug interaction study with digoxin","volume":"48","author":"Chiney MS","year":"2017","journal-title":"Xenobiotica"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","unstructured":"United States Food and Drug Administration.Bioavailability Studies Submitted in NDAs or INDs \u2013 General Considerations;2019. 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