{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T01:58:44Z","timestamp":1783648724404,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760054400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":9,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100027797","name":"AAPP Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100027797","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1UM1TR004405"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1UM1TR004405"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UL1TR002494"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR002494"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ascpt.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Translational Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Pharmacogenomic (PGx) testing is increasingly utilized to guide psychiatric medication selection and dosing, yet real\u2010world characterizations of test ordering and clinical implications remain understudied. Additionally, the extent to which psychiatry\u2010focused PGx results inform prescribing beyond mental health medications is unclear. This study examined patterns of psychiatry\u2010focused PGx test ordering, the clinical relevance of results among adult and pediatric patients, and implementation challenges within a large health system. Electronic health records (EHRs) of 3383 individuals undergoing psychiatry\u2010focused PGx testing between 2013 and 2023 were analyzed. Test reports, available as unstructured PDFs, required manual curation before merging with clinical data. Demographic characteristics, test ordering patterns, genotype distributions, and drug\u2010gene interactions (DGIs) were assessed. Results indicated that 94.5% of individuals had one or more clinically actionable PGx variants. DGIs were identified for current psychiatric medications in 19.3% of adults and 15.0% of youth. Additionally, non\u2010psychiatric DGIs were identified in 11.8% of adults and 2.1% of youth. Most patients had genotype profiles that could guide future psychiatric and non\u2010psychiatric prescribing. Despite the clinical relevance, PGx results were inconsistently integrated into EHRs, limiting accessibility and reuse. Indicators of disparities in test ordering related to gender and race suggested systemic inequities and variability in provider adoption practices. Psychiatry\u2010focused PGx testing holds substantial potential to optimize current and future medication prescribing, extending beyond psychiatry. Key challenges include fragmented EHR integration, inconsistent provider adoption, and disparities in test ordering. Improved standardized reporting, structured EHR integration, and enhanced provider education are necessary to maximize PGx benefits in patient care.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/cts.70297","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T04:42:01Z","timestamp":1760157721000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Real\u2010World Characterization of Psychiatric Pharmacogenomic Test Ordering and Clinical Relevance in Adults and Children"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3716-9021","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lusi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota  Minneapolis Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8854-5544","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anthony J.","family":"Tholkes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical and Translational Science Institute University of Minnesota  Minneapolis Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaliya C.","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota  Minneapolis Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-3837-1543","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laylia J.","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota  Minneapolis Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6435-0593","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gretchen K.","family":"Sieger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical and Translational Science Institute University of Minnesota  Minneapolis Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9631-3770","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kathryn R.","family":"Cullen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry &amp; 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