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A retrospective multicenter cohort of 1628 patients hospitalized between January 2021 and August 2022 was analyzed. Clinical data were collected from electronic medical records. Multivariable logistic regression, machine learning models (LightGBM, Elastic Net) with SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP), and Bayesian logistic regression were applied. Among the cohort, 14.5% experienced critical outcomes or death. Advanced age (\u2265\u200965\u2009years; aOR 3.950), atrial fibrillation (aOR 4.087), and kidney disease (aOR 1.939) were identified as significant predictors. Machine learning models achieved moderate predictive performance (AUROC: LightGBM 0.705, Elastic Net 0.698), with SHAP highlighting atrial fibrillation and age as key contributors. Bayesian analysis confirmed a strong association between atrial fibrillation and adverse outcomes (adjusted OR 5.121). Atrial fibrillation emerged as a consistent and strong predictor, underscoring its relevance in clinical risk assessment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/cts.70403","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]],"date-time":"2025-11-17T09:29:38Z","timestamp":1763371778000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Integrative Machine Learning and Bayesian Analysis Reveals Atrial Fibrillation as a Key Predictor of Severe COVID\u201019 Outcomes"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Young Sook","family":"Ku","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy Chungbuk National University  Cheongju South Korea"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Cheongju St. Mary's Hospital  Cheongju South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Go Woon","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy Chungbuk National University  Cheongju South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyundeok","family":"Seo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy Kangwon National University  Chuncheon South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin Yeon","family":"Gil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy Chungbuk National University  Cheongju South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyung Hyun","family":"Min","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy Chungbuk National University  Cheongju South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun Hyeob","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy Chungbuk National University  Cheongju South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun Hyuk","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy Chungbuk National University  Cheongju South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7267-6745","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Woorim","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy Kangwon National University  Chuncheon South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyung Eun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy Chungbuk National University  Cheongju South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","unstructured":"Organization. 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