{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T04:05:01Z","timestamp":1773029101840,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769040000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769040000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ascpt.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Translational Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Immune checkpoint regulators can improve neurological functions in Alzheimer's disease. However, it remains blurred whether these regulators may ameliorate temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) and TLE\u2010related cognitive impairment. This study analyzed the bulk transcriptomic data of human TLE hippocampi by bioinformatics. The expression of the potential immune checkpoint regulators in the hippocampus was assessed by immunohistochemical staining; the preoperative seizure severity and postoperative cognitive function were evaluated by the National Hospital Seizure Severity Scale (NHS3) and Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status\u2010Modified (TICS\u2010m); the correlation between the target immune checkpoint regulators and TLE\u2010related cognitive impairment was examined by simple linear regression models and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). We first identified glucocorticoid\u2010induced tumor necrosis factor receptor ligand (GITRL) as a key immune checkpoint regulator in TLE patients, with an increased intensity of GITRL in epileptic hippocampus (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200921) compared with that of the control (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20093). The GITRL intensity was positively correlated with NHS3 score (\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.503,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and negatively with TICS\u2010m total score (\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.456,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), specifically, TICS\u2010m memory score (\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.360,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.004), TICS\u2010m language\/attention score (\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.319,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.008), and TICS\u2010m orientation score (\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.312,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.008). The AUC showed that the GITRL intensity presented a good predictive performance in discerning patients with a TICS\u2010m score of \u2265\u200930 (AUC: 0.875, 95% CI, 0.721\u20131.00;\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.013). These findings highlight hippocampal GITRL as a potential predictive marker for TLE\u2010related cognitive impairment.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/cts.70477","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T08:12:33Z","timestamp":1769069553000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Glucocorticoid\u2010Induced Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Ligand: Correlation and Therapeutic Potential for Cognitive Impairment in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1029-9806","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Man","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Fujian Medical University Union Hospital  Fuzhou China"},{"name":"Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology Fujian Medical University  Fuzhou China"},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Neurology Fujian Medical University  Fuzhou China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5863-4415","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinying","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Fujian Medical University Union Hospital  Fuzhou China"},{"name":"Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology Fujian Medical University  Fuzhou China"},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Neurology Fujian Medical University  Fuzhou China"},{"name":"Department of Geriatrics Fujian Medical University Union Hospital  Fuzhou China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9511-6986","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaodong","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Fujian Medical University Union Hospital  Fuzhou China"},{"name":"Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology Fujian Medical University  Fuzhou China"},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Neurology Fujian Medical University  Fuzhou China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0476-756X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huapin","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Fujian Medical University Union Hospital  Fuzhou China"},{"name":"Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology Fujian Medical University  Fuzhou China"},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Neurology Fujian Medical University  Fuzhou China"},{"name":"Department of Geriatrics Fujian Medical University Union Hospital  Fuzhou 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