{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T13:57:14Z","timestamp":1782136634421,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":169,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771200000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":15,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ascpt.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Translational Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The Covid\u201019 pandemic highlighted the urgent need for effective therapies against emerging pathogens. Drug repurposing, defined as the use of existing medications for new therapeutic purposes, was extensively pursued for SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 but has not yielded successful treatments. This narrative review critically examines the pharmacological and methodological factors that contributed to these unsuccessful outcomes, paying particular attention to tests of azithromycin and hydroxychloroquine. There are many reasons the promise of repurposed drugs was not realized. Many repurposed compounds displayed promising in\u00a0vitro antiviral activity that did not translate into clinical efficacy. Major pharmacokinetic (PK) limitations, for example, poor oral bioavailability, low concentrations in pulmonary tissue, and extensive plasma protein binding, prevented these drugs from reaching therapeutic levels in humans. Preclinical research often relied on non\u2010human cell lines and animal models that inadequately reflected human physiology, leading to misleading experimental outcomes. Clinical trials were often undermined by methodological limitations, including endpoints with uncertain clinical significance, suboptimal comparators, and insufficient attention paid to key PK and pharmacodynamic (PD) parameters such as half maximal effective concentration (EC50) values. This narrative review emphasizes the importance of integrating comprehensive PK\/PD assessments, relevant experimental models, and rigorous trial design to strengthen drug development during future health crises. The relative success of antivirals including molnupiravir, nirmatrelvir, and remdesivir, which were either novel or previously unapproved compounds, suggests the value of designing and developing targeted antivirals. We must coordinate global research, develop pharmacologically sound strategies, and use evidence\u2010based decision\u2010making to effectively prepare for future pandemics and quickly produce effective treatments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/cts.70505","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T04:11:37Z","timestamp":1771301497000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["How Can Pharmacology Help Us Overcome the Challenges of Drug Repositioning as Antivirals to Treat Emerging Pathogens? The Example of Covid\u201019"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4002-7414","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"In\u00e8s","family":"Ben Ghezala","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Inserm, CIC 1432, Clinical Investigation Center, Clinical Epidemiology\/Clinical Trials Unit University Hospital  Dijon France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1166-1958","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nathan","family":"Peiffer\u2010Smadja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9 et Universit\u00e9 Sorbonne Paris Nord  Paris France"},{"name":"Infectious and Tropical Diseases Department Bichat\u2010Claude Bernard Hospital  Paris France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0943-9648","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caroline","family":"Solas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 des Virus \u00c9mergents (UVE: Aix\u2010Marseille Univ, Universit\u00e0 di Corsica, IRD 190, Inserm 1207, IRBA)  Marseille France"},{"name":"Laboratoire de Pharmacocin\u00e9tique et Toxicologie, H\u00f4pital La Timone, APHM  Marseille France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7729-2636","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antoine","family":"Nougair\u00e8de","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 des Virus \u00c9mergents (UVE: Aix\u2010Marseille Univ, Universit\u00e0 di Corsica, IRD 190, Inserm 1207, IRBA)  Marseille France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4734-2249","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Franck","family":"Touret","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 des Virus \u00c9mergents (UVE: Aix\u2010Marseille Univ, Universit\u00e0 di Corsica, IRD 190, Inserm 1207, IRBA)  Marseille France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0028-1837","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marc","family":"Bardou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inserm, CIC 1432, Clinical Investigation Center, Clinical Epidemiology\/Clinical Trials Unit University Hospital  Dijon France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.6775"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","unstructured":"ClinicalTrials.gov \u201cSearch for: Covid19\/Card Results \u201daccessed February 4 2025 https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/search?cond=Covid19."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/radm.12461"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","article-title":"Antibiotics for the Treatment of COVID\u201019","volume":"10","author":"Popp M.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32013-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.05.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.12.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31042-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101703"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40121-021-00493-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac628"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.100993"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","unstructured":"\u201cHydroxychloroquine or Diltiazem\u2010Niclosamide for the Treatment of COVID\u201019 (HYdILIC)\u2014Clinical Trial NCT04372082 \u201daccessed January 23 2024 https:\/\/ichgcp.net\/clinical\u2010trials\u2010registry\/NCT04372082."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2019014"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2020.08.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2020.105949"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2012410"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2022926"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M20-4207"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","unstructured":"FDA \u201cTablets Stromectol (Ivermectin)\u2014FDA Label \u201daccessed January 19 2024 https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2009\/050742s026lbl.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2022.0189"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18433\/jpps32105"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2115869"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amsu.2021.102779"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.44942"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","unstructured":"\u201cALINIA (nitazoxanide)\u2014Full Prescribing Information\u2014Food and Drug Administration \u201daccessed February 27 2024 https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2016\/021497s001 021498s004lbl.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.03725-2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.844728"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101310"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","unstructured":"\u201cStudy Evaluating Diltiazem in Combination With Standard Treatment in the Management of Patients Hospitalized With COVID\u201019 Pneumonia (DICOV)\u2014Clinical Trial NCT05563168 \u201daccessed May 17 2024 https:\/\/classic.clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/results\/NCT05563168?view=results."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-023-00672-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.2973"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ped4.12415"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cts.13436"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.01071"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31862-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(21)00435-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00149-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101242"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.06.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2021.05.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/OIR-08-2020-0371"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20031835"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.2163"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-70143-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2020.104228"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1043661802002384"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.001453"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_50_1","article-title":"Isolation and Characterization of SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 From the First US COVID\u201019 Patient","author":"Harcourt J.","year":"2020","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-022-01143-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.1003608"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2023.111568"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-024-01878-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-022-01802-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.109055"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2021.105212"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2013.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-020-0282-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2558-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40262-020-00891-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.2021107821"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2575-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2020.104762"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2006.08.061"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0005806"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01463-17"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-0597-3_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41421-020-0156-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abi4708"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2787-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.22281"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-21992-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_74_1","unstructured":"Pharmaceutical and Medical Devices Agency\u2014Japan \u201cAvigan Favipiravir\u2014Review Report \u201daccessed May 17 2024 https:\/\/www.pmda.go.jp\/files\/000210319.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-32565-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-200363080-00004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgg.2020.02.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2020.104786"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1517\/14656566.3.3.315"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_80_1","unstructured":"EMA \u201cKALETRA INN\u2010Lopinavir Ritonavir\u2014EPAR\u2014Product Information \u201daccessed February 27 2024 https:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/en\/documents\/product\u2010information\/kaletra\u2010epar\u2010product\u2010information_en.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_81_1","unstructured":"FDA \u201cKaletra. Highlights of Prescribing Information \u201daccessed February 4 2025 https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2020\/021251s059 021906s054lbl.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_82_1","first-page":"1373","article-title":"The Inhibitory Effect of Some Natural Bioactive Compounds Against SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 Main Protease: Insights From Molecular Docking Analysis and Molecular Dynamic Simulation","volume":"55","author":"Abdelrheem D. A.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Environmental Science and Health. Part A, Toxic\/Hazardous Substances & Environmental Engineering"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-020-03020-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkaa195"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M20-1550"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-18463-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40262-015-0364-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005389"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1981.03320140063033"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-200443090-00003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.117592"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2325958220919231"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_93_1","first-page":"1552","article-title":"Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate: New Chemical Developments and Encouraging in Vitro Biological Results for SARS\u2010CoV\u20102","volume":"31","author":"Clososki G. C.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.50.4.1304-1310.2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/cjpp-2020-0734"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2125.2003.01780.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_97_1","unstructured":"\u201cREBETOL (ribavirin USP) capsules\u2014Full Prescribing Information\u2014Food and Drug Administration \u201daccessed February 4 2025 https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2013\/020903s052 021546s008lbl.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2020.104787"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.1219"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(06)70436-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.2099"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(14)71047-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.1844"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2017.04.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10081284"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2021.122862"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0163-7258(82)90064-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0198389"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-85969-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_110_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0260958"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.119.086678"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_112_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T. Q. W.Humphrey M.Chen\u2010Xu F.Dowling et\u00a0al. \u201cProphylaxis for Patients at Risk of COVID\u201019 Infection: Results From the Intranasal Niclosamide Randomised Double Blinded Placebo Controlled Arm of the PROTECT\u2010V Platform Trial\u2014Preprint \u201daccessed February 27 2024 https:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/sol3\/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4519538.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4519538"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_113_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanepe.2021.100084"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_114_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41421-021-00249-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_115_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(20)30115-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_116_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-022-03380-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_117_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ph13120443"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_118_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104148"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_119_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01956-19"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_120_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-3623(82)90110-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_121_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2020.106247"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_122_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/14787210.4.2.291"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_123_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15563650.2022.2043338"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_124_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.02.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_125_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2020.100059"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_126_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2020.104878"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_127_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2020.07.030"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_128_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.116055"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_129_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkt532"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_130_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M20-3689"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_131_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization \u201cConsolidated Guidelines on HIV Prevention Testing Treatment Service Delivery and Monitoring: Recommendations for a Public Health Approach \u201daccessed January 30 2024 https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240031593."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_132_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01114-20"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_133_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.48.7.2693-2696.2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_134_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0246803"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_135_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2020.104866"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_136_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conctc.2018.08.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_137_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.322.7286.603"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_138_1","article-title":"Ivermectin for Preventing and Treating COVID\u201019","volume":"6","author":"Popp M.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_8_139_1","first-page":"S105","article-title":"Regaining Trust in Public Health and Biomedical Science Following Covid: The Role of Scientists","volume":"53","author":"Caplan A. L.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hastings Center Report"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_140_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/facets-2021-0018"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_141_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31598-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_142_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adf5167"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_143_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-022-01485-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_144_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2472555220982268"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_145_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2019.12.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_146_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00766-18"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_147_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abb5883"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_148_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41594-021-00651-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_149_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.28011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_150_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2116044"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_151_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(22)00644-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_152_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06649-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_153_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-021-05538-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_154_1","unstructured":"Emory University \u201cMolnupiravir Fact Sheet \u201daccessed November 7 2025 https:\/\/drugdiscovery.emory.edu\/_includes\/documents\/sections\/media\u2010resources\/fact\u2010sheet.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_155_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abl4784"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_156_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.2603"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_157_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.2646"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_158_1","article-title":"Nirmatrelvir Combined With Ritonavir for Preventing and Treating COVID\u201019","volume":"9","author":"Reis S.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_159_1","article-title":"Nirmatrelvir Combined With Ritonavir for Preventing and Treating COVID\u201019","volume":"11","author":"Reis S.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_160_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature17180"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_161_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1910993"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_162_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cts.12840"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_163_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.16349"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_164_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(21)00485-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_165_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31022-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_166_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2023184"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_167_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2116846"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_168_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2022.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_169_1","unstructured":"\u201cMerck and Ridgeback Announce Initiation of a Rolling Review by the European Medicines Agency for Molnupiravir an Investigational Oral Antiviral Medicine for the Treatment of COVID\u201019 in Adults \u201daccessed November 10 2025 https:\/\/www.merck.com\/news\/merck\u2010and\u2010ridgeback\u2010announce\u2010initiation\u2010of\u2010a\u2010rolling\u2010review\u2010by\u2010the\u2010european\u2010medicines\u2010agency\u2010for\u2010molnupiravir\u2010an\u2010investigational\u2010oral\u2010antiviral\u2010medicine\u2010for\u2010the\u2010treatment\u2010of\u2010covid\u201019\u2010in\u2010adults\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_170_1","unstructured":"\u201cU.S. FDA Extends Review of Pfizer's New Drug Application for PAXLOVID \u201daccessed November 10 2025 https:\/\/www.pfizer.com\/news\/announcements\/us\u2010fda\u2010extends\u2010review\u2010pfizers\u2010new\u2010drug\u2010application\u2010paxlovidtm."}],"container-title":["Clinical and Translational Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/ascpt.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/cts.70505","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/ascpt.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/cts.70505","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/ascpt.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/cts.70505","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T03:12:58Z","timestamp":1773025978000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ascpt.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/cts.70505"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"references-count":169,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/cts.70505"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cts.70505","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1752-8054","1752-8062"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1752-8054","type":"print"},{"value":"1752-8062","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-05-12","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-12-31","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-02-16","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70505"}}