{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T05:55:06Z","timestamp":1790661306517,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,15]],"date-time":"2019-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1557878400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Cutan Pathol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Alopecia areata (AA) is believed to have an autoimmune mechanism in which the hair follicles are targeted by CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes. Studies investigating the autoimmune mechanism of other cutaneous diseases, including vitiligo, showed that\n                      <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>reg<\/jats:sub>\n                      is a component of cutaneous immune privilege. Our study uses immunohistochemical staining in formalin\u2010fixed, paraffin\u2010embedded tissue to examine the percentage of CD4\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      FoxP3\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      , CD25\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      FoxP3\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      , and CD8\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      FoxP3\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>reg<\/jats:sub>\n                      in AA in human specimens.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Immunohistochemical double staining for CD4\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      FoxP3\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      , CD25\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      FoxP3\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      , and CD8\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      FoxP3\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      was performed on 12 AA cases and 12 other autoimmune and non\u2010autoimmune cutaneous diseases. The frequency of CD4\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      FoxP3\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      , CD25\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      FoxP3\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      , and CD8\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009FoxP3\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>reg<\/jats:sub>\n                      was counted and expressed as a percentage of total CD4\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      , CD25\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      , and CD8\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      lymphocytes, respectively, in order to account for intersample inflammatory response variability.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      There was a significant reduction in the mean frequency of CD4\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009FoxP3\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      and CD25\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009FoxP3\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      in AA when compared to other autoimmune and non\u2010autoimmune cutaneous diseases.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>reg<\/jats:sub>\n                      is significantly lower in AA when compared to other cutaneous diseases. Additionally, this immunohistochemical\u2010staining protocol may be useful to evaluate\n                      <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>reg<\/jats:sub>\n                      in formalin\u2010fixed, paraffin\u2010embedded specimens for other cutaneous diseases. Studies examining\n                      <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>reg<\/jats:sub>\n                      in AA and other cutaneous diseases may have implications for future interventions.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/cup.13479","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,16]],"date-time":"2019-04-16T04:25:43Z","timestamp":1555388743000},"page":"653-658","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Regulatory T\u2010cells in alopecia areata"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Jodi J.","family":"Speiser","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology Loyola University Medical Center  Maywood Illinois"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dana","family":"Mondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology Loyola University Medical Center  Maywood Illinois"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vikas","family":"Mehta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology Loyola University Medical Center  Maywood Illinois"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheela A.","family":"Marcial","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology Loyola University Medical Center  Maywood Illinois"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ameet","family":"Kini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology Loyola University Medical Center  Maywood Illinois"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelli A.","family":"Hutchens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology Loyola University Medical Center  Maywood 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