{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T05:53:25Z","timestamp":1771307605091,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,30]],"date-time":"2023-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693353600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Cutan Pathol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Patients with inborn errors of immunity (IEI) may develop granulomas in multiple organ systems including the skin. Vaccine strain rubella virus (RuV), part of the live attenuated measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, has been identified within these granulomas. RuV is typically found in macrophages; however, recently neutrophils have been identified as a novel cell type infected. Here, we present a case of RuV\u2010associated cutaneous granuloma with RuV localized to neutrophils. A 46\u2010year\u2010old female with common variable immunodeficiency presented with verrucous papules and crusted plaques from the right knee to the distal shin of 20\u2009years duration, associated with prior physical trauma. Biopsy specimen showed palisaded granulomas surrounding central necrosis with scattered aggregates of neutrophils. Vaccine\u2010derived RuV was detected by molecular sequencing in lesional skin. Fluorescent immunohistochemistry with CD206, myeloperoxidase (MPO), and RV capsid (RVC) antibodies demonstrated that RuV localized to neutrophils but not macrophages. The clinical presentation, cutaneous findings, and likely presence of RVC\u2010positive granulocytes in bone marrow provide potential support to the evolving hypothesis of persistent RuV within neutrophils contributing to chronic granulomatous inflammation in a milieu of immune dysregulation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/cup.14520","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,31]],"date-time":"2023-08-31T05:22:25Z","timestamp":1693459345000},"page":"971-976","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Rubella virus\u2010associated necrotizing neutrophilic granuloma in a patient with common variable immunodeficiency"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Susan","family":"Pei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center  Buffalo New York USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8645-4203","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahyar","family":"Khazaeli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology University at Buffalo  Buffalo New York USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"LiJuan","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Viral Diseases Centers for Disease Control and Prevention  Atlanta Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Min\u2010hsin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Viral Diseases Centers for Disease Control and Prevention  Atlanta Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0812-8124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ludmila","family":"Perelygina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Viral Diseases Centers for Disease Control and Prevention  Atlanta Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Drew","family":"Kuraitis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center  Buffalo New York USA"},{"name":"Department of Dermatology Tulane University  New Orleans Louisiana 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