{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T21:04:46Z","timestamp":1786395886948,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Informa UK Limited","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,25]],"date-time":"2020-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590364800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,2]],"date-time":"2021-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609545600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.tandfonline.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical and Experimental Optometry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,2]]},"DOI":"10.1111\/cxo.13092","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,26]],"date-time":"2020-05-26T06:39:17Z","timestamp":1590475157000},"page":"35-41","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/tandf_crossmark_01","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":103,"title":["Smartphone use as a possible risk factor for myopia"],"prefix":"10.1080","volume":"104","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9510-8756","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saoirse","family":"Mccrann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Eye Research Ireland, School of Physics, Clinical and Optometric Sciences, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Loughman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Eye Research Ireland, School of Physics, Clinical and Optometric Sciences, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland"},{"name":"Department of Optometry, African Vision Research Institute, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John S","family":"Butler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mathematical Sciences, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nabin","family":"Paudel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Eye Research Ireland, School of Physics, Clinical and Optometric Sciences, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel Ian","family":"Flitcroft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Eye Research Ireland, School of Physics, Clinical and Optometric Sciences, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Children\u2019s University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"301","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"cit0001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.006"},{"key":"cit0002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2018.01.033"},{"key":"cit0003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0146332"},{"key":"cit0004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1985.01050060050022"},{"key":"cit0005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2012.06.004"},{"key":"cit0006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.04.018"},{"key":"cit0007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2017.09.004"},{"key":"cit0008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep33902"},{"key":"cit0009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12453"},{"key":"cit0010","volume":"361","author":"Mountjoy E","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"cit0011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.120.5.620"},{"key":"cit0012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2018-313295"},{"key":"cit0013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/foc.0.0007"},{"key":"cit0014","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.01957"},{"key":"cit0015","unstructured":"Anderson M, Jiang J. Teens, Social Media and Technology 2018, 2018. [Cited 24 Aug 2018.] Available at: www.pewresearch.org"},{"key":"cit0016","unstructured":"O' neill B, Dinh T, Mcdonnell D et al. Net Children Go Mobile. Initial findings from Ireland, 2014. [Cited 26 Feb 2018.] Available at: http:\/\/www.dit.ie\/cser\/media\/ditcser\/digitalchildhoods\/NCGM_Ireland_initialfindingsreport_complete.pdf"},{"key":"cit0017","unstructured":"Ofcom. Children and parents: media use and attitudes report, 2017. [Cited 10 Jan 2019.] Available at: https:\/\/www.ofcom.org.uk\/__data\/assets\/pdf_file\/0020\/108182\/children-parents-media-use-attitudes-2017.pdf"},{"key":"cit0018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2014.12.005"},{"key":"cit0019","first-page":"293","volume":"112","author":"Damian C","year":"2010","journal-title":"Klin Oczna"},{"key":"cit0020","first-page":"29","volume":"37","author":"Zhou J","year":"2016","journal-title":"Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi"},{"key":"cit0021","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2018.05.010"},{"key":"cit0022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0117349"},{"key":"cit0023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2020.105988"},{"key":"cit0024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cxo.12453"},{"key":"cit0025","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0215827"},{"key":"cit0026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12620"},{"key":"cit0027","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12657"},{"key":"cit0028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17031056"},{"key":"cit0029","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2019.05.004"},{"key":"cit0030","first-page":"332","volume":"43","author":"Saw S","year":"2002","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"cit0031","first-page":"3633","volume":"43","author":"Mutti DO","year":"2002","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"cit0032","unstructured":"Pew Research Centre. Global Attitudes and Trends. Smartphone ownership is growing rapidly around the world, but not always equally. 2019. [Cited 28 Jan 2020.] Available at: https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/global\/2019\/02\/05\/smartphone-ownership-is-growing-rapidly-around-the-world-but-not-always-equally\/"},{"key":"cit0033","first-page":"508","volume":"18","author":"Boase J","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Comput Commun"},{"key":"cit0034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4306\/pi.2017.14.2.198"},{"key":"cit0035","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2015-307724"},{"key":"cit0036","volume":"10","author":"Huang H\u2010M","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"cit0037","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1475-1313.1999.00437.x"},{"key":"cit0038","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2015.0471"},{"key":"cit0039","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2009.07.011"},{"key":"cit0040","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.06-0562"},{"key":"cit0041","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15446\/dyna.v84n200.62156"},{"key":"cit0042","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10410236.2017.1422099"},{"key":"cit0043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-023191"},{"key":"cit0044","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-25977"},{"key":"cit0045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.12387"},{"key":"cit0046","unstructured":"Apple Inc. iOS 12 introduces new features to reduce interruptions and manage Screen Time. [Cited 15 May 2019.] Available at: https:\/\/www.apple.com\/ie\/newsroom\/2018\/06\/ios-12-introduces-new-features-to-reduce-interruptions-and-manage-screen-time\/"},{"key":"cit0047","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2557968.2557971"},{"key":"cit0048","unstructured":"Arsal K, Sinibaldi G, Scott M. Consumer smartphone analytics: applications and services. 2017. [Cited 19 May 2020.] Available at: https:\/\/www.researchandmarkets.com\/reports\/4255555\/consumer\u2010smartphone\u2010analytics\u2010applications\u2010and"},{"key":"cit0049","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2016.1275"},{"key":"cit0050","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-25955"}],"container-title":["Clinical and Experimental Optometry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fcxo.13092","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/cxo.13092","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/cxo.13092","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/cxo.13092","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,23]],"date-time":"2021-05-23T04:21:41Z","timestamp":1621743701000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1111\/cxo.13092"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,2]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/cxo.13092"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cxo.13092","relation":{},"ISSN":["0816-4622","1444-0938"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0816-4622","type":"print"},{"value":"1444-0938","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"The publishing and review policy for this title is described in its Aims & Scope.","order":1,"name":"peerreview_statement","label":"Peer Review Statement"},{"value":"http:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/action\/journalInformation?show=aimsScope&journalCode=tceo20","URL":"http:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/action\/journalInformation?show=aimsScope&journalCode=tceo20","order":2,"name":"aims_and_scope_url","label":"Aim & Scope"},{"value":"2020-02-04","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-04-27","order":1,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-04-27","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-01-28","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}