{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T15:09:02Z","timestamp":1767971342176,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,25]],"date-time":"2013-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1366848000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Drug and Alcohol Review"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Issues.<\/jats:title><jats:p>Alcohol exposure <jats:italic>in utero<\/jats:italic> is associated with a range of adverse outcomes in pregnancy and can cause long\u2010term disability. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">F<\/jats:styled-content>etal alcohol spectrum disorder (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FASD<\/jats:styled-content>) is an umbrella term to describe a range of effects from prenatal alcohol exposure including fetal alcohol syndrome (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FAS<\/jats:styled-content>). Determining the prevalence of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FASD<\/jats:styled-content> is challenging.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Approach.<\/jats:title><jats:p>This narrative review collates information on the prevalence of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FASD<\/jats:styled-content> in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A<\/jats:styled-content>ustralia and documents the various methods used for attaining estimates and the limitations of the available data.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Key Findings.<\/jats:title><jats:p>Birth prevalence of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FASD<\/jats:styled-content> is most commonly measured through clinic\u2010based studies, passive surveillance systems and active case ascertainment. Alcohol use in pregnancy and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FAS<\/jats:styled-content> in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A<\/jats:styled-content>ustralia is predominantly monitored through passive surveillance systems and under\u2010ascertainment of cases is likely. State\u2010 and territory\u2010based studies have reported birth prevalence rates of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FAS<\/jats:styled-content> of between 0.01 and 0.68 per 1000 live births. Prevalence rates of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FASD<\/jats:styled-content> have not been estimated in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A<\/jats:styled-content>ustralia. As reflected in the international data, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A<\/jats:styled-content>ustralian studies have found higher rates of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FAS<\/jats:styled-content> among some Indigenous communities. This likely reflects patterns of alcohol use and other socioeconomic risk factors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Implications.<\/jats:title><jats:p>Under\u2010recognition of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FASD<\/jats:styled-content> reflects incomplete and inconsistent data collections recording alcohol use in pregnancy, lack of awareness among health professionals and a lack of diagnostic and support services.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion.<\/jats:title><jats:p>Accurate measurement of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FASD<\/jats:styled-content> prevalence is crucial to inform policy, resource and service development in the areas of health, education, justice and community. There is a need for consensus on the collection and best use of data. <jats:italic>[Burns L, Breen C, Bower C, O' Leary C, Elliott EJ. Counting fetal alcohol spectrum disorders in Australia: the evidence and the challenges.<\/jats:italic> Drug Alcohol Rev<jats:italic> 2013;32:461\u2013467]<\/jats:italic><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.12047","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,26]],"date-time":"2013-04-26T03:36:04Z","timestamp":1366947364000},"page":"461-467","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Counting Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder in <scp>A<\/scp>ustralia: The evidence and the challenges"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Lucy","family":"Burns","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre University of New South Wales  Sydney Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Courtney","family":"Breen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre University of New South Wales  Sydney Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carol","family":"Bower","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Telethon Institute for Child Health Research Centre for Child Health Research University of Western Australia  Perth Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Colleen","family":"O' Leary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute\u2014Population Health Research Curtin University  Perth Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth Jane","family":"Elliott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatrics and Child Health University of Sydney The Children's Hospital at Westmead  Sydney Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ddrr.68"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","first-page":"203","article-title":"Clinical profile and prevalence of fetal alchol syndrome in an isolated community in British Columbia","volume":"137","author":"Robinson G","year":"1987","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.88.5.781"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0892-0362(95)98055-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.2005.66.593"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0892-0362(95)00005-C"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","volume-title":"Alcohol Syndrome: Diagnosis, epidemiology, prevention, and treatment","author":"Stratton K","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","volume-title":"Diagnostic guide for fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: the 4\u2010digit diagnostic code","author":"Astley S","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-0577"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","volume-title":"Fetal alcohol syndrome: guidelines for referral and diagnosis","author":"Bertrand J","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.1040302"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-0259"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","volume-title":"Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder model of care","author":"Western Australian Department of Health","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1754.2004.00280.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1991.03460150065025"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","first-page":"159","article-title":"Estimating the prevalence of fetal alcohol syndrome: a summary","volume":"25","author":"May PA","year":"2001","journal-title":"Alcohol Res Health."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(89)90302-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","first-page":"55","article-title":"New assessment tools for drinking in pregnancy: T\u2010ACE, TWEAK, and others","volume":"18","author":"Russell M","year":"1994","journal-title":"Alcohol Health Res World"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2009.02842.x"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","first-page":"29","article-title":"The Triple B Study: pilot data on the association between drug and alcohol use in pregnancy and child development at one and three years of age","volume":"31","author":"Bucello C","year":"2012","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","unstructured":"HallidayJ.Asking Questions about Alcohol in Pregnancy (AQUA): pregnancy alcohol exposure measured in a longitudinal cohort study in Australia 5th International Conference on Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder 2013; 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