{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T01:11:45Z","timestamp":1790730705480,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":111,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,25]],"date-time":"2013-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1366848000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Drug and Alcohol Review"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Issues.<\/jats:title><jats:p>Methamphetamine\u2010 or amphetamine\u2010type stimulants are the second most frequently used illicit drug worldwide, second only to cannabis. Behavioural treatments are efficacious, but their impact is limited underscoring the need for other treatment options, notably, pharmacotherapy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Approach.<\/jats:title><jats:p>A review of randomised controlled trials of pharmacotherapies for methamphetamine\u2010 or amphetamine\u2010type stimulants was performed using <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PubMed<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">G<\/jats:styled-content>oogle Scholar databases. Evidence for efficacy of medications is reported.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Key Findings.<\/jats:title><jats:p>Clinical trials have yielded no broadly effective pharmacotherapy. Promising signals have been observed for methylphenidate, naltrexone, bupropion and mirtazapine in subgroups of patients in reducing stimulant use (e.g. patients with less severe dependence at baseline and men who have sex with men), though none has produced an unambiguous, replicable signal of efficacy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Implications.<\/jats:title><jats:p>Problems in Phase <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">II<\/jats:styled-content> trials, including high dropout rates, missing data and a lack of agreement on outcomes, complicate efforts to find a broadly effective pharmacotherapy for amphetamine\u2010type stimulant disorders. Efforts to address these problems include calls for better validation of pharmacological target exposure, receptor binding and functional modulation. As well, there is a need for agreement in using findings from preclinical and early phases of the medication development process for selecting better pharmacotherapy candidates.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion.<\/jats:title><jats:p>After over 20 years of efforts worldwide to develop a broadly effective medication for dependence on methamphetamine\u2010 or amphetamine\u2010type stimulants, no candidate has emerged. This highlights the need for new compounds, consistent and stringent research methods, better integration between preclinical and clinical stages of medication development, and improved collaboration between government, industry and researchers. <jats:italic>[Brensilver M, Heinzerling KG, Shoptaw S. Pharmacotherapy of amphetamine\u2010type stimulant dependence: An update.<\/jats:italic> Drug Alcohol Rev <jats:italic>2013;32:449\u2013460]<\/jats:italic><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.12048","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,26]],"date-time":"2013-04-26T03:36:16Z","timestamp":1366947376000},"page":"449-460","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":100,"title":["Pharmacotherapy of amphetamine\u2010type stimulant dependence: An update"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Matthew","family":"Brensilver","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine David Geffen School of Medicine University of California  Los Angeles USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keith G.","family":"Heinzerling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine David Geffen School of Medicine University of California  Los Angeles USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven","family":"Shoptaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine David Geffen School of Medicine University of California  Los Angeles USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.18356\/94bbf1f4-en","volume-title":"World drug report, 2012","author":"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)61138-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","volume-title":"2010 national drug strategy household survey report","author":"Welfare AIoHa","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2006.01775.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4603(03)00082-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2002.10399966"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.publhealth.012809.103600"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","first-page":"385","article-title":"The epidemiology of methamphetamine use and harm in Australia","volume":"31","author":"Degenhardt L","year":"2008","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2006.01774.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.2006.163.11.1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09595230801919494"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08897071003641578"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.134.2.301"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2008.07.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2999(00)00639-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.59.103006.093548"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1301564"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291703008353"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-007-9031-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.62.6.617"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.56.8.927"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/187152710790966704"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2012.1a"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199511023331807"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200011023431802"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1992.03480200058024"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08039480510023052"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2008.08020304"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2011.11071121"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2007.10399875"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0b013e31818e2185"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v69n0808"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(02)00104-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1300203"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.2007.164.1.160"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(03)00009-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004714-200006000-00003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/13651501.2012.667116"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2009.05145.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2001.96912898.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2009.02717.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.2010.307"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v67n0406"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2009.05.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.351"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2009.02791.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00952990802342907"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0b013e3181b591e0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2008.02437.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2009.11.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.07.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2012.03.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1527-3458.2006.00178.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2005.05.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1301481"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2008.03.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e328336e98b"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0740-5472(96)00154-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_60_1","unstructured":"BatkiS MoonJ BradleyM et\u2009al.Fluoxetine in methamphetamine dependence\u2014a controlled trial: preliminary analysis.NIDA Research Monograph: Government Printing Office;1999. p.235."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2006.03.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.284.8.963"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2010.10050755"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3908(99)00010-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145707007778"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2006.02.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2002.10399967"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1527-3458.2001.tb00198.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2011.124"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09595230801935672"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v64n1207"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0003-2409.2001.02399.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410390114"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2006.03.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2011.03619.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2011.03771.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2007.01768.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2006.10400605"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2005.08.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2009.06.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra020526"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.11.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.65.3.345"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.tpj.6500189"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617710000779"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00952990902825447"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0b013e318240a48e"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genm.2012.02.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd3439"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd3078"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1169920"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2011.12.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd3439-c1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2011.12.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2012.04.038"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2012.83"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.2010.65"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd2361"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd3776"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ddstr.2011.10.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_101_1","unstructured":"McCannDJ.Recent advances in medications development for the treatment of substance use disorders. Paper Presented at the 74th Annual Meeting of the College on Problems of Drug Dependence. 2012: La Quinta CA June 12 2012."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.106.025130"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.08.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-012-2717-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2008.07.052"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0600347103"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2007.12.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.162.8.1403"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/FBP.0b013e32833d41b2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_110_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2250"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2012.06.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_112_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cct.2012.05.003"}],"container-title":["Drug and Alcohol Review"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fdar.12048","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/dar.12048","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,2]],"date-time":"2023-10-02T23:55:24Z","timestamp":1696290924000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/dar.12048"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,25]]},"references-count":111,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/dar.12048"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/dar.12048","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0959-5236","1465-3362"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0959-5236","type":"print"},{"value":"1465-3362","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2012-10-19","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2013-04-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2013-04-25","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}