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We used this approach to determine daily use of conventional illicit drugs [cannabis, cocaine, methamphetamine and 3,4\u2010methylenedioxymethamphetamine (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MDMA<\/jats:styled-content>)] and emerging illicit psychostimulants (benzylpiperazine, mephedrone and methylone) in two consecutive years (2010 and 2011) at an annual music festival.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Daily composite wastewater samples, representative of the festival, were collected from the on\u2010site wastewater treatment plant and analysed for drug metabolites. Data over 2 years were compared using Wilcoxon matched\u2010pair test. Data from 2010 festival were compared with data collected at the same time from a nearby urban community using equivalent methods.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Conventional illicit drugs were detected in all samples whereas emerging illicit psychostimulants were found only on specific days. The estimated per capita consumption of<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MDMA<\/jats:styled-content>, cocaine and cannabis was similar between the two festival years. Statistically significant (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009<jats:italic>&lt;<\/jats:italic>\u20090.05;<jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">Z<\/jats:styled-content><\/jats:italic>\u2009<jats:italic>=\u2009\u2212<\/jats:italic>2.0<jats:italic>\u2013<\/jats:italic>2.2) decreases were observed in use of methamphetamine and one emerging illicit psychostimulant (benzyl piperazine). Only consumption of<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MDMA<\/jats:styled-content>was elevated at the festival compared with the nearby urban community.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion and Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Rates of substance use at this festival remained relatively consistent over two monitoring years. Compared with the urban community, drug use among festival goers was only elevated for<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MDMA<\/jats:styled-content>, confirming its popularity in music settings. Our study demonstrated that wastewater analysis can objectively capture changes in substance use at a music setting without raising major ethical issues. It would potentially allow effective assessments of drug prevention strategies in such settings in the future.<jats:italic>[Lai FY, Thai PK, O'Brien J, Gartner C, Bruno R, Kele B, Ort C, Prichard J, Kirkbride P, Hall W, Carter S, Mueller JF. Using quantitative wastewater analysis to measure daily usage of conventional and emerging illicit drugs at an annual music festival<\/jats:italic>. Drug Alcohol Rev<jats:italic>2013;32:594\u2013602]<\/jats:italic><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.12061","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,20]],"date-time":"2013-06-20T03:30:38Z","timestamp":1371699038000},"page":"594-602","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":98,"title":["Using quantitative wastewater analysis to measure daily usage of conventional and emerging illicit drugs at an annual music festival"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Foon Yin","family":"Lai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology The University of Queensland Coopers Plains Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Phong K.","family":"Thai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology The University of Queensland Coopers Plains Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jake","family":"O'Brien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology The University of Queensland Coopers Plains Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Coral","family":"Gartner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital The University of Queensland Herston Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raimondo","family":"Bruno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology University of Tasmania Hobart Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Kele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Resource and Industries and Sustainability Central Queensland University Bruce Highway Rockhampton Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"Ort","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Water Management Centre The University of Queensland Brisbane Australia"},{"name":"Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology Eawag Du\u00f6bendorf Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeremy","family":"Prichard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Law Faculty University of Tasmania Hobart Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Kirkbride","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical and Physical Sciences Flinders University Adelaide Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wayne","family":"Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital The University of Queensland Herston Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steve","family":"Carter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queensland Health Forensic Scientific Services Queensland Government Coopers Plains Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jochen F.","family":"Mueller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology The University of Queensland Coopers Plains Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","unstructured":"HoltM.Young people and illicit drug use in Australia. 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