{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T13:13:17Z","timestamp":1781010797372,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,25]],"date-time":"2013-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1374710400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Drug and Alcohol Review"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,9]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>Introduction and Aims.<\/jats:title>To estimate the contribution that people who inject drugs (PWID<\/jats:styled-content>) make to population\u2010level use of prescription opioids in A<\/jats:styled-content>ustralia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Design and Methods.<\/jats:title>Data on prescriptions of oxycodone, morphine and methadone tablets were obtained for N<\/jats:styled-content>ew S<\/jats:styled-content>outh W<\/jats:styled-content>ales, V<\/jats:styled-content>ictoria, T<\/jats:styled-content>asmania and Q<\/jats:styled-content>ueensland, and time series analyses used to characterise the trends from 2002 to 2010. Estimates of the number of PWID<\/jats:styled-content> were combined with data on their levels, frequency and typical doses of morphine, methadone tablet (only prescribed in A<\/jats:styled-content>ustralia for pain) and oxycodone from 2004 to 2010. Estimated consumption per 1000 PWID<\/jats:styled-content> and per 1000 persons aged 20\u201369 years was contrasted and the proportion of total consumption accounted for by PWID<\/jats:styled-content> estimated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results.<\/jats:title>Morphine prescribing declined; oxycodone prescribing increased. PWID<\/jats:styled-content> had far higher rates of prescription opioid consumption (defined daily doses per 1000) than the general population. Tasmania had highest use of prescribed opioids. PWID<\/jats:styled-content> contribution to morphine consumption in Tasmania increased to 28% (range 22\u201337%) in 2010; elsewhere, PWID<\/jats:styled-content> contribution was lower (midpoints of 2\u201312%, 2010). Methadone tablet use was less elevated compared with the general population. With the exception of Tasmania, PWID<\/jats:styled-content> were estimated to consume less than 5% of oxycodone.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Discussion and Conclusions.<\/jats:title>PWID<\/jats:styled-content> use prescription opioids at high levels and can account for a significant proportion of consumption. Increased oxycodone prescribing in A<\/jats:styled-content>ustralia has not been driven by PWID<\/jats:styled-content>. Opioid substitution therapy and other effective treatments need to be more available and attractive to PWID<\/jats:styled-content>. [Degenhardt L, Gilmour S, Shand F, Bruno R, Campbell G, Mattick RP, Larance B, Hall W. Estimating the proportion of prescription opioids that is consumed by people who inject drugs in Australia. <\/jats:italic>Drug Alcohol Rev 2013;32:468\u2013474]<\/jats:italic><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.12066","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,25]],"date-time":"2013-07-25T16:15:11Z","timestamp":1374768911000},"page":"468-474","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Estimating the proportion of prescription opioids that is consumed by people who inject drugs in A<\/scp>ustralia"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Louisa","family":"Degenhardt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre University of New South Wales Sydney Australia"},{"name":"Melbourne School of Global and Population Health University of Melbourne Melbourne Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stuart","family":"Gilmour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health Policy University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fiona","family":"Shand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre University of New South Wales Sydney Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raimondo","family":"Bruno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology University of Tasmania Hobart Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabrielle","family":"Campbell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre University of New South Wales Sydney Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard P.","family":"Mattick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre University of New South Wales Sydney Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Briony","family":"Larance","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre University of New South Wales Sydney Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wayne","family":"Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research University of Queensland Brisbane Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d5142"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5694\/mja10.11450"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ip.2010.029611"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09595230600868504"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","volume-title":"Benefits and risks of pharmaceutical opioids: essential treatment and diverted medication. 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