{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T04:27:24Z","timestamp":1792124844867,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,23]],"date-time":"2013-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1387756800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Drug and Alcohol Review"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction and Aims.<\/jats:title><jats:p>Understanding how tobacco, alcohol and mental health are related is important for developing population\u2010level policies and individual\u2010level treatments that target comorbidities. The current study aimed to examine sociodemographic characteristics and mental health comorbidities associated with the odds of using tobacco and harmful levels of alcohol concurrently.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design and Methods.<\/jats:title><jats:p>Data were drawn from the 45 and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">U<\/jats:styled-content>p <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">S<\/jats:styled-content>tudy, a large cohort study with 267\u2009153 adults aged 45 years and over in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">N<\/jats:styled-content>ew <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">S<\/jats:styled-content>outh <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">W<\/jats:styled-content>ales, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A<\/jats:styled-content>ustralia. Participants completed a survey assessing alcohol, smoking, psychological distress, treatment for depression and anxiety, and a range of socioeconomic status indicators. Univariate analyses and three multiple\u2010logistic regression models were used to determine associations with (i) tobacco but not alcohol use; (ii) alcohol but not tobacco use; and (iii) concurrent tobacco and risky levels of alcohol use.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results.<\/jats:title><jats:p>Being female, younger, lower individual and area\u2010level socioeconomic status (SES) and depression and psychological distress were associated with tobacco use alone. Factors associated with alcohol use alone were older age, male gender, higher <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SES<\/jats:styled-content>, and lower psychological distress and no recent depression treatment. Factors associated with concurrent risky alcohol consumption and tobacco use included being 45\u201364, being male, less education, earning &lt;$30\u2009000, being employed, and living in lower\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SES<\/jats:styled-content> areas, treatment for depression, and high distress on the Kessler\u201010.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion and Conclusions.<\/jats:title><jats:p>Results suggest strong links between <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SES<\/jats:styled-content>, treatment for depression, psychological distress, and concurrent tobacco and alcohol use. This has implications for public health policies and clinical treatment for tobacco and alcohol use, suggesting greater emphasis on addressing multiple health and social concerns. <jats:italic>[Bonevski B, Regan T, Paul C, Baker AL, Bisquera A. Associations between alcohol, smoking, socioeconomic status and comorbidities: Evidence from the 45 and Up Study. <\/jats:italic>Drug Alcohol Rev<jats:italic> 2014;33:169\u2013176]<\/jats:italic><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.12104","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,24]],"date-time":"2013-12-24T04:16:35Z","timestamp":1387858595000},"page":"169-176","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":98,"title":["Associations between alcohol, smoking, socioeconomic status and comorbidities: Evidence from the 45 and <scp>U<\/scp>p <scp>S<\/scp>tudy"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Billie","family":"Bonevski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health and Medicine School of Medicine and Public Health The University of Newcastle  Newcastle Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tim","family":"Regan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health and Medicine School of Medicine and Public Health The University of Newcastle  Newcastle Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Paul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health and Medicine School of Medicine and Public Health The University of Newcastle  Newcastle Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda L.","family":"Baker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health and Medicine School of Medicine and Public Health The University of Newcastle  Newcastle Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Bisquera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health and Medicine School of Medicine and Public Health The University of Newcastle  Newcastle Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","unstructured":"Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. 2010 National Drug Strategy Household Survey report.Canberra:AIHW 2011."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","unstructured":"BeggS VosT BarkerB StevensonC StanleyL LopezAD. The burden of disease and injury in Australia. 2003.Canberra:AIHW 2007."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","unstructured":"National Preventative Health Taskforce. Australia: healthiest country by 2020.Canberra:Commonwealth of Australia 2008."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/pmed.1999.0496"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1021944123914"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","unstructured":"Australian Institute of Health and Welfare Australasian Association of Cancer Registries. Cancer in Australia: an overview. 2012.Canberra:AIHW 2012."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Tobacco use among young people: a report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 1994."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","first-page":"205","article-title":"Behavioral aspects of alcohol\u2013tobacco interactions","volume":"8","author":"Zacny JP","year":"1990","journal-title":"Recent Dev Alcohol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1465-3362.2012.00452.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/34.1.78"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10865-007-9098-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14622200110050457"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00038-009-0009-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0004867413491158"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.61.8.807"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2010.03351.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol\u20102012\u2010050648"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-6405.2011.00776.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0959523021000059776"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2011.08.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dym184"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","unstructured":"National Health and Medical Research Council. Australian guidelines to reduce health risks from drinking alcohol.Canberra:Commonwealth of Australia 2009."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","unstructured":"KesslerR MroczekD. Final version of our non\u2010specific psychological distress scale.Ann Arbor:Survey Research Center of the Institute for Social Research University of Michigan 1994."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-842X.2001.tb00310.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","unstructured":"SAS Institute Inc.SAS 12.1 [software program].Cary NC:SAS Institute Inc. 2012."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.12143"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2008.01.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-10-211"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-6296(99)00018-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10826089009056229"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4603(88)90049-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10826089809069815"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.72.6.1144"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09595230500459552"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.2006.163.11.1934"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00048670802607147"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_38_1","unstructured":"ScolloMM WinstanleyMHTobacco in Australia: facts and issues 2008. Available at:http:\/\/www.tobaccoinaustralia.org.au(accessed 7 July 2013)."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2009.11.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1465-3362.2011.00391.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-10-26"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-11-153"}],"container-title":["Drug and Alcohol Review"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fdar.12104","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/dar.12104","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,3]],"date-time":"2023-10-03T08:33:21Z","timestamp":1696322001000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/dar.12104"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,23]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/dar.12104"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/dar.12104","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0959-5236","1465-3362"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0959-5236","type":"print"},{"value":"1465-3362","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2013-09-29","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2013-11-20","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2013-12-23","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}