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It has also been used to measure prison substance use in two previous studies. The application of<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">WWA<\/jats:styled-content>in this context has raised questions as to how best it might be used to measure illicit drug use in prisons, and whether it can also be used to measure prescription misuse. We applied<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">WWA<\/jats:styled-content>to a small regional prison to measure the use of 12 licit and illicit substances. We attempted to measure the non\u2010medical use of methadone and buprenorphine and to compare our findings with the results of the prison's mandatory drug testing (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MDT<\/jats:styled-content>).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Representative daily composite samples were collected for two periods of 12 consecutive days in<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">M<\/jats:styled-content>ay to<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">J<\/jats:styled-content>uly 2013 and analysed for 18 drug metabolites. Prescription data and<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MDT<\/jats:styled-content>results were obtained from the prison and compared with the substance use estimates calculated from<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">WWA<\/jats:styled-content>data.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Daily use of methamphetamine, methadone, buprenorphine and codeine was detected, while sporadic detection of ketamine and methylone was also observed. Overall buprenorphine misuse appeared to be greater than methadone misuse.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion and Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Compared with<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MDT<\/jats:styled-content>,<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">WWA<\/jats:styled-content>provides a more comprehensive picture of prison substance use.<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">WWA<\/jats:styled-content>also has the potential to measure the misuse of medically prescribed substances. However, a great deal of care must be exercised in quantifying the usage of any substance in small populations, such as in prisons.<jats:italic>[van Dyken E, Lai FY, Thai PK, Ort C, Bruno R, Hall W, Kirkbride KP, Mueller JF, Prichard J. Challenges and opportunities in using wastewater analysis to measure drug use in a small prison facility.<\/jats:italic>Drug Alcohol Rev<jats:italic>2016;35:138\u201347]<\/jats:italic><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.12156","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,1]],"date-time":"2014-10-01T11:01:39Z","timestamp":1412161299000},"page":"138-147","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Challenges and opportunities in using wastewater analysis to measure drug use in a small prison facility"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Emma","family":"van Dyken","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Law Faculty The University of Tasmania Hobart Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Foon Yin","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology The University of Queensland Brisbane Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Phong K.","family":"Thai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology The University of Queensland Brisbane Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"Ort","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Water Management Centre The University of Queensland Brisbane Australia"},{"name":"Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology Eawag Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6673-833X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raimondo","family":"Bruno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology The University of Tasmania Hobart Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wayne","family":"Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Youth Substance Abuse Research The University of Queensland Brisbane Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K. 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