{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T12:30:52Z","timestamp":1783427452470,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,25]],"date-time":"2014-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1406246400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DA021525"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DA021525"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOP102742"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOP102742"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Drug and Alcohol Review"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction and Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>Crack pipe sharing is a risky practice that has been associated with the transmission of hepatitis <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content> and other harms. While previous research has exclusively focused on this phenomenon among adults, this study examines crack pipe sharing among street\u2010involved youth.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>From <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">M<\/jats:styled-content>ay 2006 to <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">M<\/jats:styled-content>ay 2012, data were collected from the At\u2010Risk Youth Study, a cohort of street\u2010involved youth aged 14\u201326 in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">V<\/jats:styled-content>ancouver, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>anada. Survey data from active crack smokers were analysed using generalised estimating equations logistic regression.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Over the study period, 567 youth reported smoking crack cocaine and contributed 1288 observations, among which 961 (75%) included a report of crack pipe sharing. In multivariate analysis, factors that were associated with crack pipe sharing included difficulty accessing crack pipes [adjusted odds ratio (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AOR<\/jats:styled-content>)\u2009<jats:italic>=<\/jats:italic>\u20091.58, 95% confidence interval (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>) 1.13\u20132.20]; homelessness (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AOR<\/jats:styled-content>\u2009<jats:italic>=<\/jats:italic>\u20091.87, 95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 1.43\u20132.44); regular employment (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AOR<\/jats:styled-content>\u2009<jats:italic>=<\/jats:italic>\u20091.53, 95% CI 1.15\u20132.04); daily non\u2010injection crystal methamphetamine use (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AOR<\/jats:styled-content>\u2009<jats:italic>=<\/jats:italic>\u20092.04, 95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 1.11\u20133.75); daily crack smoking (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AOR<\/jats:styled-content>\u2009<jats:italic>=<\/jats:italic>\u20091.37, 95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 1.01\u20131.85); encounters with the police (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AOR<\/jats:styled-content>\u2009<jats:italic>=<\/jats:italic>\u20091.42, 95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 1.01\u20131.99); and reporting unprotected sex (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AOR<\/jats:styled-content>\u2009<jats:italic>=<\/jats:italic>\u20091.95, 95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 1.47\u20132.58).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion and Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The prevalence of crack pipe sharing was high among our sample and independently associated with structural factors including difficulty accessing crack pipes and homelessness. Crack pipe sharing was also associated with high\u2010intensity drug use and a number of other markers of risk and vulnerability. Collectively, these findings highlight opportunities for health services to better engage with this vulnerable group and reduce this risky behaviour.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.12180","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,25]],"date-time":"2014-07-25T12:59:22Z","timestamp":1406293162000},"page":"259-266","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Crack pipe sharing among street\u2010involved youth in a <scp>C<\/scp>anadian setting"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Tessa","family":"Cheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV\/AIDS  Vancouver Canada"},{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences Simon Fraser University  Burnaby Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evan","family":"Wood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV\/AIDS  Vancouver Canada"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine University of British Columbia  Vancouver Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV\/AIDS  Vancouver Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julio","family":"Montaner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV\/AIDS  Vancouver Canada"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine University of British Columbia  Vancouver Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Kerr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV\/AIDS  Vancouver Canada"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine University of British Columbia  Vancouver Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kora","family":"DeBeck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV\/AIDS  Vancouver Canada"},{"name":"School of Public Policy Simon Fraser University  Burnaby Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","unstructured":"Public Health Agency of Canada. Street youth in Canada: findings from enhanced surveillance of Canadian Street Youth 1999\u20102003.Ottawa:Government of Canada 2006."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","first-page":"195","article-title":"Correlates and distribution of HIV risk behaviors among homeless youths in New York City: implications for prevention and policy","volume":"77","author":"Clatts MC","year":"1998","journal-title":"Child Welfare"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/0956462001915778"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.83.10.1490-a"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00042560-199609000-00012"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/apc.1997.11.62"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2006.11.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1478-3231.2008.01688.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199411243312106"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.082054"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2005.017129"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/713612349"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-0361.2007.00127.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1747-597X-6-34"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2007.02.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","unstructured":"DormerDProvince shuts down free crack pipe program. Calgary Sun.2011."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","article-title":"Vancouver to launch clean crack\u2010pipe distribution project","author":"Keller J","year":"2012","journal-title":"Globe Mail"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","unstructured":"OlivierCVancouver health body begins free crack pipe program for addicts. National Post.2011."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2009.07.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7517-3-18"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13691050802295719"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.292.5.569"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1054-139X(99)00059-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1094428104263672"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwf215"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2006.12.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0006-341X.2001.00120.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03403687","article-title":"Crack use as a public health problem in Canada","volume":"9","author":"Haydon E","year":"2005","journal-title":"Can J Public Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0b013e3282f16a8c"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2011.05.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7517-5-34"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2008.032524"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.161.1.85"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-138-3-200302040-00034"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2010.07.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2007.01818.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02351502"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0740-5472(00)00104-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2012.07.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2008.12.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-007-9284-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jurban\/79.4.525"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10597-009-9283-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/casp.723"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02673030500213953"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2012.06.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2007.08.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2005.12.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0955-3959(02)00075-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2004.12.030"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bjc\/39.4.488"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2005.04.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.1031928"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1747-597X-3-11"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2005.03.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_57_1","first-page":"293","article-title":"Past infection with hepatitis A virus among Vancouver street youth, injection drug users and men who have sex with men: implications for vaccination programs","volume":"165","author":"Ochnio JJ","year":"2001","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.88.5.879"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a117473"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(98)00028-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwp049"}],"container-title":["Drug and Alcohol Review"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fdar.12180","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/dar.12180","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,11]],"date-time":"2023-09-11T17:07:02Z","timestamp":1694452022000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/dar.12180"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,25]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/dar.12180"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/dar.12180","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0959-5236","1465-3362"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0959-5236","type":"print"},{"value":"1465-3362","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2013-10-18","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2014-05-30","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2014-07-25","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}