{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T22:13:02Z","timestamp":1792102382665,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,10]],"date-time":"2014-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1412899200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Regional Office for South Asia"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Drug and Alcohol Review"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction and Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>Injecting pharmaceutical opioids for non\u2010medical purposes is a major concern globally. Though pharmaceutical opioids injection is reported in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">I<\/jats:styled-content>ndia, the exact proportion of people who inject drugs (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PWID<\/jats:styled-content>) using pharmaceutical opioids is unknown. The objectives of this study were to describe the various types of drugs that are injected by people in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">I<\/jats:styled-content>ndia and to analyse the differences between the commonly injected drugs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A cross\u2010sectional, multicentric study covering 22 harm\u2010reduction sites from different regions of the country was conducted. First 50 subjects, chosen randomly from a list of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PWIDs<\/jats:styled-content> accessing services from each site and fulfilling study criteria, were interviewed using a structured questionnaire. Data from 902 male subjects are presented here.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Pharmaceutical opioid injectors (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">POI<\/jats:styled-content>) accounted for 65% of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PWIDs<\/jats:styled-content> (buprenorphine: 30.8%, pentazocine: 21.8% and dextropropoxyphene: 11.9%). Heroin, injected by 34.3%, was prevalent in most states surveyed. Buprenorphine and pentazocine were not injected in the north\u2010east region, whereas dextropropoxyphene was injected in the north\u2010east alone. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression showed that, compared with heroin injectors, the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">POI<\/jats:styled-content> group was more likely to consume alcohol and pharmaceutical opioids orally, inject frequently, share needle\/syringes and develop injection\u2010site complications. Among individual <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">POIs<\/jats:styled-content>, buprenorphine injectors had significantly higher proportion of subjects injecting frequently, sharing needle\/syringes and developing local complications. Irrespective of the opioid type, majority of subjects were opioid dependent.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion and Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Pharmaceutical opioids are the most common drugs injected in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">I<\/jats:styled-content>ndia currently and have greater injection\u2010related risks and complications. Significant differences exist between different pharmaceutical opioids, which would be important considerations for interventions. <jats:italic>[Ambekar A, Rao R, Mishra AK, Agrawal A. Type of opioids injected: Does it matter? A multicentric cross\u2010sectional study of people who inject drugs.<\/jats:italic> Drug Alcohol Rev<jats:italic> 2015;34:97\u2013104]<\/jats:italic><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.12208","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,10]],"date-time":"2014-10-10T12:23:49Z","timestamp":1412943829000},"page":"97-104","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Type of opioids injected: Does it matter? 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