{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T03:33:28Z","timestamp":1777692808129,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,29]],"date-time":"2014-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1419811200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002803","name":"Fondazione Cariplo","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2009-3468-2009-3513"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2009-3468-2009-3513"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002803","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009882","name":"Regione Lombardia","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["407, 05-08-2010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["407, 05-08-2010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009882","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Drug and Alcohol Review"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>Introduction and Aims<\/jats:title>Wastewater analysis is a new approach developed to estimate illicit drug (ID<\/jats:styled-content>) consumption in large communities, such as a city. We tested the ability of this approach to detect differences in consumption in different districts of a city.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Design and Methods<\/jats:title>Consumption of cocaine, heroin, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC<\/jats:styled-content>) (cannabis active principle), amphetamine, methamphetamine and ecstasy was estimated by analysis of selected drug excretion residues in composite 24\u2009h samples of untreated urban wastewater by liquid chromatography\u2013tandem mass spectrometry. Samples were collected from the inlet of the three main M<\/jats:styled-content>ilan wastewater treatment plants (WWTP<\/jats:styled-content>), each serving a district of the city (west, center and east). In each WWTP<\/jats:styled-content>, samples were taken daily for seven consecutive days in N<\/jats:styled-content>ovember 2010 and M<\/jats:styled-content>arch 2011.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>We observed significant differences of ID<\/jats:styled-content> consumption (expressed as mg\/day\/1000 inhabitants) among districts: consumption of some ID<\/jats:styled-content> was significantly higher in the eastern district (P<\/jats:italic>\u2009<\u20090.01 for THC<\/jats:styled-content>, P<\/jats:italic>\u2009<\u20090.001 for cocaine\u2009and P<\/jats:italic>\u2009<\u20090.0001 for heroin by one\u2010way analysis of variance), while consumption of methamphetamine and amphetamine was higher in the central area (P<\/jats:italic>\u2009<\u20090.0001). Overall, from 2010 to 2011, ID<\/jats:styled-content> consumption decreased in all the districts, in line with a recent population survey showing decreases from 25 to 55% in the annual prevalence of ID<\/jats:styled-content> users in I<\/jats:styled-content>taly.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Discussion and Conclusions<\/jats:title>This approach may help to detect ID<\/jats:styled-content> consumption in different districts of a city and may be useful for planning interventions aimed at specific city areas and substances. [Castiglioni S, Borsotti A, Riva F, Zuccato E. Illicit drug consumption estimated by wastewater analysis in different districts of Milan: A case study. <\/jats:italic>Drug Alcohol Rev 2016;35:128\u201332]<\/jats:italic><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.12233","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,29]],"date-time":"2014-12-29T16:01:17Z","timestamp":1419868877000},"page":"128-132","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Illicit drug consumption estimated by wastewater analysis in different districts of M<\/scp>ilan: A case study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Sara","family":"Castiglioni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Sciences IRCCS Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche \u2018Mario Negri\u2019 Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Borsotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Sciences IRCCS Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche \u2018Mario Negri\u2019 Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Riva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Sciences IRCCS Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche \u2018Mario Negri\u2019 Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ettore","family":"Zuccato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Sciences IRCCS Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche \u2018Mario Negri\u2019 Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-4-14"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2010.05.030"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ac061095b"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2009.02678.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.11022"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen\u20102012\u2010001637"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","first-page":"17","volume-title":"The validity of self\u2010reported drug use: improving accuracy of survey estimates Department of Health and Human Services","author":"Harrison L","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118000816.ch16"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2013.10.034"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2010.06.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118000816.ch18"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.12061"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01981508"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/20.6.441"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","volume-title":"Disposition of toxic drugs and chemicals in man","author":"Baselt R","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es302722f"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mas.20168"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","first-page":"41","article-title":"L'utilizzo dei farmaci analgesici nella terapia del dolore","volume":"1","author":"Zuccaro P","year":"2006","journal-title":"La Rivista Italiana di Cure Palliative"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","first-page":"13","article-title":"A methodology for the estimation of unit nutrient and organic loads from domestic and non\u2010domestic sources","volume":"4","author":"Andreottola G","year":"1994","journal-title":"Eur Water Pollut Control"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2011.11.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","unstructured":"Dipartimento Politiche Antidroga (DPA).Uso di sostanze stupefacenti e tossicodipendenze in Italia. 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