{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T00:40:43Z","timestamp":1792111243482,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,18]],"date-time":"2015-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1426636800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Curtin University Strategic Research Faculty Grant"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015539","name":"Australian Government","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015539","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Drug and Alcohol Review"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,11]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>Introduction and Aims<\/jats:title>Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD<\/jats:styled-content>) is a known risk factor for substance use disorder (SUD<\/jats:styled-content>); however, the potential additive contribution of comorbid ADHD<\/jats:styled-content> to drug\u2010specific dependence in SUD<\/jats:styled-content> populations is largely unknown. The current study aimed to assess this association between ADHD<\/jats:styled-content> symptoms and drug\u2010specific SUD<\/jats:styled-content> complexity and chronicity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Design and Methods<\/jats:title>A cross\u2010sectional survey was administered to a convenience sample of 489 adults receiving SUD<\/jats:styled-content> treatment at 16 A<\/jats:styled-content>ustralian drug and alcohol treatment centres between S<\/jats:styled-content>eptember 2010 and A<\/jats:styled-content>ugust 2011. Participants were screened for adult ADHD<\/jats:styled-content> symptoms using the A<\/jats:styled-content>dult ADHD S<\/jats:styled-content>elf\u2010R<\/jats:styled-content>eport S<\/jats:styled-content>cale. Associations between ADHD<\/jats:styled-content> screening status and drug\u2010specific SUD<\/jats:styled-content> complexity and chronicity were assessed using multivariate logistic and modified P<\/jats:styled-content>oisson regression analysis, controlling for a range of potential confounders.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>Overall, 215 (44%) patients screened positive for concurrent adult ADHD<\/jats:styled-content> and SUD<\/jats:styled-content>. After S<\/jats:styled-content>imes' correction, a significant positive association was observed between ADHD<\/jats:styled-content> screening status and current<\/jats:italic> amphetamine SUD<\/jats:styled-content> (odds ratio (OR<\/jats:styled-content>)\u2009=\u20091.85; 95% confidence interval (CI<\/jats:styled-content>): 1.19\u20132.36). Patients who screened positive for ADHD<\/jats:styled-content> were significantly more likely to report SUD<\/jats:styled-content>\u2005history<\/jats:italic> for heavy alcohol use (OR<\/jats:styled-content>\u2009=\u20092.05; 95% CI<\/jats:styled-content>: 1.21\u20133.45) and amphetamine (OR<\/jats:styled-content>\u2009=\u20091.96; 95% CI<\/jats:styled-content>: 1.26\u20133.06) as well as significantly increased risk of moderate (3\u20134 years) duration for benzodiazepine and amphetamine SUD<\/jats:styled-content>s and long (\u22655 years) duration for alcohol, opiates other than heroin or methadone, and amphetamine SUDs<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Discussion and Conclusions<\/jats:title>The findings provide evidence that there is increased drug dependence complexity and chronicity in treatment\u2010seeking SUD<\/jats:styled-content> patients who screen positively for ADHD<\/jats:styled-content>, specifically for amphetamine, alcohol, opiates other than heroin or methadone, and benzodiazepines. 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